10 perception is the selection of stimuli. People focus on only small number of
stimuli, whereas there are a lot of stimuli surrounded. This process is known as selection. It is the reason why people perceive things differently.
The second factor is the organization of stimuli. After the information has undergone the screening process that is, been selected, it must be arranged so as
to become meaningful. The next factor is situation. A person familiarity with, expectation about, a
situation, as well as his or her past experience, affect what that person perceives. Perceiving a situation accurately is also related to how well a person adjusts his or
her behavior to situations. The last factor is self concept. Self concept is the way people feel about
and perceive themselves. The way people see themselves affects their perception of the world around them. Self concept is important because
people’s mental picture of themselves determine much of what people perceive and do. In most
cases, an individual’s self concept changes as the person matures.
2. Role Play
According to Paulston and Bruder 1976, role play is an exercise where the students are assigned arole from which they have to improve some kind of
behavior toward the other role characters in the exercise. In role playing, learners are asked to imagine that they were in the real situation that happens in the daily
live. And then, they are asked to adopt a specific role from the situation and act as if they were in that situation Littlewood, 1981.
11 Another definition comes from Joyce and Weil 2000, in which they state
that Role-playing is a teaching strategy that emphasizes the social nature of learning, and see cooperative behavior as stimulating students both socially and
intellectually that fits within the social family of models.Joyce and Weil, 2000. Mcguire and Priestly 1981 divide Role play into three types; simple role
play, modeling exercise, and structurer role play. The first type is simple role play; is a role play that can be used on fairly simple level, concentrates and begins
with the situation that will be familiar to the students, and involving only two or four people at the same time.
The second type of role play is modeling exercise. This type consists of the role-played demonstrations of social skill or response by someone who is
competent in its executions for someone who is not. It can be directly or recorded video.
The third type of role play is structurer role play. In this type, it is possible to run role play in which individuals are given more elaborate instruction about
who they are supposed to be and what would happen in the play. The principle behind role-playing is that the student assumes a particular
personality of a different person, such as a historical character. According to Jones 1982, the students must accept the duties and responsibilities of their roles and
functions, and do their best in the situation in which they find themselves. Role
play can be used to introduce a topic, using the students’ background knowledge schema to introduce and interest them in a new unit of study Lloyd,
1998. Furthermore, role play can be used as a strategy in which the students use
