reclassifying, and
perhaps labeling, the material to be
learned based on common attributes
He is writing down the main idea, important points, the
outline, or
summary of
information presented orally or in writing
p Self – Evaluation
He is consciously applying rules to produce or understand
the second language
b. Cognitive Strategy
Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning task and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repletion,
resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory, representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer,
inference are among the most important cognitive strategies. In the analysis, the writer finds out several cognitive types of strategy used
by the first respondent. Based on the interview and questionnaire delivered to the respondent, it was indicated, grouping, note – taking, deduction, recombination,
auditory, representation, key word, contextualization, inference and
•
Cognitive: Repetition
Repetition means imitating other people’s speech overtly or silently. Below is the utterance based on the interview with the first respondent:
Question : How do you master the listening section of the test?
Answer : I did many practices, learned the similar sounds of speech such
as different vowel sounds, different initial consonant sounds different final consonant then tried to indentifying them.
Based on the utterance above, the first respondent did the repetition of cognitive type of strategy as he identifying the people’s speech to master the
listening section of the test. Besides, he is consciously applying rules to produce or understand the second language.
•
Cognitive: Resourcing
Resourcing means making use of language materials such as dictionary. Here, the first respondent has used some references, books, and exercises. It
means that he has applied the resourcing cognitive type of strategy. To prove, it can be seen on the following utterance based on the interview with the respondent.
Question : How do you learn the TOEIC test?
Answer : I used some books, searched some information on the internet and
found any references that can support my study. I bought some TOEIC books too such as Longman and Cambridge.
The utterance above shows that the respondent has applied cognitive resourcing. He used some books, searched some information and references to
support is study. •
Cognitive: Translation
Translation means using the first language as a basis for understanding and or producing the L2. Below is the utterance to show the cognitive translation
types of strategy used by the first respondent.
Question : How do you master the reading section of the test?
Answer : I practice a lot, do the simulation test and tried to understand the
reading, checked the expressions and vocabulary used in the reading.
The above utterance shows that the respondent has made the first language as a basis to understand the reading comprehension text of the test.
•
Cognitive: Grouping
Grouping means organizing on the basis of common attributes. Below utterance shows the respondent used of this type of strategy:
Question : How do you organize your strategy to master the listening
section of the test?
Answer : I analyzed the listening based on each session, make some
identification of each session such as identifying picture.
The above utterance shows how the respondent organizes the learning strategy to study the listening. He divided into the session of the test then
identified each session such as picture session.
•
Cognitive: Note – taking
Note – taking means writing down the gist etc of the texts. Here, the respondent has made some note – taking when he was learning. It can be seen
on the following utterance:
Question : How do you handle the problem in the TOEIC test?
Answer : I usually write down some difficult part which I cannot solve it
then I will find the answer. I also make some notes for the new vocabulary and expression.
The utterance above shows that he usually writes down difficult part tnathe could not solve the tried to find out the answer. He also made some notes
for new vocabulary and expression in English. It means that he applied note – taking cognitive strategy to solve his problem.
•
Cognitive: Deduction
Deduction means conscious application of rules to processing the L2. The first respondent done this to solve the error recognition part of the TOEIC test.
Below is the utterance based in the interview with the respondent:
Question : How do you solve the grammar construction in the structure and
grammar section of the test?
Answer : I studied the rules in the structure and grammar section of the
test. I studied the most applied grammar used in the test.
It can be seen in the utterance above that the respondent has applied deduction to understand the rules in the structure and grammar section of the
TOEIC test. Here, h studied the most applied grammar in the test. •
Cognitive: Recommendation
Recommendation means putting together of smaller meaningful elements into new wholes. In this analysis, the first respondent used this strategy to solve
the error recognition part of the TOEIC test. Below is the utterance:
Question : How do you master the grammar to do the error recognition part
of the test?
Answer : I identified the structure and grammar, I studied S and U of the
sentences then put it in the correct order. I tried to find out the mistake.
Since error recognition part of the TOEIC test needs understanding of the structure and grammar to get meaningful sentences. The structure must studied the
L2 construction in order he can put together of smaller meaningful elements of the sentences. So, that he has applied the recombination cognitive type of learning
strategy.
•
Cognitive: Auditory Presentation
Auditory representation means keeping a sound or sound sequence in the mind. As the respondent should master the listening to do the listening section of
the test, so he applied the auditory representation cognitive type of learning strategy. Below is the utterance:
Question : How do you deal with the listening problem?
Answer : I practiced to listen the similar sound and also memorize the
expressions used in the test.
The above utterance shows that the respondent deal with the listening problem by practicing to listen the similar sound and memorize the expressions
used in the test. It means he has applied the auditory representation cognitive type of learning strategy.
•
Cognitive: Key Word
Key word means using key word memory techniques, such as identifying L2 word with an L1 word that is sounds like. Here, the respondent applied this
strategy to understand the meaning of the L2 and memorize the expressions. Below is the utterance:
Question : How do you handle the problem or new vocabulary and
expressions?
Answer : I usually find out the meaning of the new word in the dictionary
and then tried to find the same expression of the English language in to Indonesia.
The utterance above shows that the respondent has applied key word cognitive learning strategy as he identified the L2 word with and L1 word catch
the meaning of some new vocabulary and expressions. •
Cognitive: Contextualization
Contextualization means placing a word or phrase in a meaningful language sequence. The first respondent has used this strategy to do the grammar
section of the TOEIC test. Below is the utterance taken based on the interview: Question
: How do you understand the mistake in the grammar section of the
TOEIC test?
Answer : I studied the unaccomplished sentences, phrasal verb and
complicated sentences especially the subject and verb of the sentence.
The above utterance shows that he has done the contextualization cognitive type of the strategy to place the sentence in a good order.
•
Cognitive: Inference
Inference means guessing meanings by using available information. To do the reading and understanding the meaning of the text, the respondent has used
this type of strategy in order he can guess what the word or the text about. Below is the utterance:
Question : How do you deal with the reading vocabulary?
Answer : I tried to guess the meaning through the information contain in
the text.
It can be seen on the utterance above that the respondent applied the inference cognitive type of strategy to guess the meaning of the reading
vocabulary. He tried to guess the meaning through the information contain in the text.
Table 2.2 Cognitive Strategy Primary Strategy Classification
Strategy Toward the Classification
2 Cognitive
a Repetition
b Resourcing
c Translation
He practices and study the simulation test for several times
d Grouping
He check his answer for several times
He uses practices book and internet
He guess the meaning of the source language to the target
language based on context e
Note Taking He finds the meaning of the text
He classify the test model He classify the genre, words,
phrase and expression
f Deducation
He writes new vocabularies and expression during study
g Recombination
Study the grammatical rules of English
as the
basic to
understand sentences and text h
Imagery He reads the whole sentences to
catch the point of the sentences and text
i Auditory Representation
He pays attention on the question word
Study the tenses j
Key – word Guessing the photographs or the
picture meaning k
Contextualization Trying to catch the image point
l Elaboration
Listen carefully to the speaker conversation and dialogue
Listen carefully to the order of the speaker
m Transfer
Remembering the new words oh the target language
Applying the
functional expression
n Inferencing
Understanding the
second
language meaning in context
c. Socio – Affective Strategy
