An Analysis Of Codes Used By Students Of Department Of English University Of Sumatera Utara

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AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2015

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AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

A THESIS BY:

LEONY DENISA REG. NO. 080705005

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP. 197502092008121002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D

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BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on ...

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Name Signature

1. ………. ………..

2. ………. ………..

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, LEONY DENISA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE THE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISH ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

SIGNED : ... DATE : ...

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : LEONY DENISA

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

SIGNED : ... DATE : ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this thesis as one of the requirements to get certificate from Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan. I present shalawat to Prophet Muhammad SAW as my good example in my life and I hope his blessing in the beyond.

I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, appreciation and thanks to:

1. My parents, Yasri CR and Yurni. I present this thesis for you. Thank you for

all of the supports, prays and loves and also for your patience until I finally finish this thesis.

2. My beloved sibling, Fransiska Ayel Refta. Thank you for all of your

motivations, advices and pray for me.

3. My friends, Nur Fatimah, SS., Ahmad Hanafi, SS., Swandi Lubis SS. and

also Indra Rizkiawan ST. Thank you for all of your motivations, advicess and supports.

4. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as my supervisor and also as the Head of

Department of English and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D as my co-supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this thesis.

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6. All of my friends class of 2008 and the entire of IMSI family. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study.

7. The entire of Gemapala FIB USU family, thank you for the support.

Finally, I do realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this thesis.

Medan, 2015

The writer,

Leony Denisa Reg. No. 080705005

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara bertujuan untuk menemukan tipe alih kode dan komponen bahasa yang terdapat dalam campur kode Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia dalam percakapan sahari-hari mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara serta alasan menggunakan alih kode dan campur kode tersebut berdasarkan teori Hymes (dalam Jendra, 2010:71) yaitu SPEAKING. Metode yang digunakan dalam analisis ini adalah metode kepustakaan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, kemudian membuat hasil analisis dalam bentuk display data sesuai teori Miles and Huberman. Analisis ini difokuskan untuk menganalisis tipe alih kode yaitu Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching sesuai dengan teori Bloomfield and Gumperz (dalam Jendra, 2010:75) dan komponen bahasa dalam campur kode yaitu kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat sesuai dengan teori Zyegintsev (dalam Anggita, 2011:18), dengan hasil analisis ditemukan total 17 kasus alih kode dan 103 ungkapan campur kode. Kesimpulan dari analisis ini adalah pembicara tidak terlalu banyak menggunakan alih kode maupun campur kode dalam percakapannya meski perkembangan globalisasi kian pesat, disamping mereka juga merupakan mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris yang diharapkan mampu menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

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ABSTRACT

Thesis entitled An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara aims to find out type of code switching and components of language in code mixing from English into Bahasa Indonesia in daily conversation of students of Department of English University of Sumatera included the reasons for using the codes based on the theory of Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:71) that is SPEAKING. The method used in this analysis is the library method and analyzed using qualitative descriptive method, then make the results of the analysis in the data display based on the theory Miles and Huberman. This analysis focused on analyzing the type of code switching that are Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching and components of language in code mixing that are word, phrase, clause, and sentence in accordance with the theory Zyegintsev (in Anggita, 2011:18), with the results of the analysis found the total of 17 cases of code switching and 103 utterances of code mixing. The conclusion from this analysis is the speakers are not too much use the codes in their daily conversations even though the globalization grows rapidly, beside they are the students of Department of English who expected valuable in using English in daily conversation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPY RIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

ABSTRAK ... ix

ABSTRACT ... x

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study ... 1

1. 2 Problem of the Study ... 6

1. 3 Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6

1. 5 Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 Sociolinguistics ... 8

2.2 Bilingualism ... 9

2.3 Code ... 10

2.3.1 Code Switching ... 11

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2.5 Reasons for Using the Codes ... 17

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design ... 20

3.2 Location and Time ... 21

3.3 Data and Data Source ... 21

3.4 Data Collecting Procedures ... 22

3.5 Step of the Research ... 22

3.6 Data Analysis ... 22

CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4. 1 Data Description ... 23

4.1.1 Types of Code Switching and Components of Language in Code Mixing 23

4.1.2 Explanation of the Code Switching in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara ………... 41

4.1.3 Explanation of the Code Mixing in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara ... 42 4.1.4 The Reasons Why Students of

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Sumatera Utara Use Code Switching and

Code Mixing in Their Daily Conversations 43

4.2 Finding ... 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 49

5.2 Suggestion ... 50

REFERENCES ……… 51

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language has a big role in our daily life. People use language to communicate to each other. Slobin (1979:188) says that language is inseparable element in human life. To communicate well, people need language. So it is the reason why language is so important for human in society. Giving information means transferring knowledge, fact or news by the speakers to the listeners. To deliver message, the language that the speaker uses should be clear, quick and easy and the rhetorically expressive.

The scientific study of language is called linguistics. There are relationship between language and society, such as relationship to object, ideas, events, and actual speakers and listeners. Platt (in Siregar 1984:66) says every language express in some way or other how people think, perceive and act, in what state people, things and ideas are and how they relate to each other.

Linguistics is the scientific study of human’s language, but linguistics does not study every form of human’s language. It focused on analyzing human’s verbal language; the language that consists of words. Langacker (1973:5) states that linguistics is the study of human’s language. So, it can be concluded that language is the object of linguistics.

A branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of the study, in way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology handle is sociolinguistics. It is a field that analyzes language as a part of social property. Kridalaksana (1974) states that sociolinguistics is the branch of

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linguistics which tries to describe characteristics of language variations and determine its characteristics toward social phenomenon.

According to Criper and Widdowson (in Allen and Corder Ed, 1975:156) say sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate how the conventions of language use related to other aspects of social behaviors. While Booj, Kerstens, Verkuyl (1975:139) say sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies about social factors in language use and its correlation in interactions.

Then Appel, Hubers and Meyer (1976:10) define sociolinguistics as a science which focuses on a language and language use in social and cultural aspect. So, based on the three definitions above we can conclude that sociolinguistics discusses about language use and its relationship to the society viewed from social and cultural aspects.

Hickerson (1980:81) argues that sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus, viewing variation or its social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variations (social factors in this case are age, religion, sex/gender and occupation).

The term of ‘sociolinguistics’ actually consist of two disciplines of knowledge: ociology and linguistics, as the writer described at the beginning of this thesis about what linguistics is. Now, we talk about sociology or society. Are there any differences between sociology and society and what are the correlations of them toward the languages among people in a society?

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a. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara aneka macam gejala sosial (misalnya gejala ekonomi dengan gejala agama,keluarga dengan moral, hukum dengan ekonomi, gerak masyarakat dan politik dan lain sebagainya). b. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara gejala sosial dengan gejala non-sosial (gejala biografis, gejala biologis dll).

According to Gillin and Gillin (in Kuntjaraningrat, 2000: 146), society means the largest grouping in which common in custom, traditions, attitudes and feeling of unity are operative.

From some definitions above, we can conclude that sociology is a scientific study which talks about human being as the member of society and their relationship with the others in society. A society consist of a group of people who come from the same identity, with particular customs and interact continually.

Language and human being as a social man can not be separated. In the writer’s mind, if human does not have any language, there is no civilization. But time to time, civilization becomes more developed especially in this globalization era. This globalization is also blowing the language world. Nowadays, human being is demanded to be able to speak in international language, such as English. Even kindergarten students have started to learn English. This habit, then, will make people become bilingualism or multilingualism.

Bilingualism is using two languages or two language codes. In sociolinguistics term, bilingualism is using two language by a person in his/her activities by turns (Mackey 1962:12). While multilingualism is a condition when people use more than two languages to interact with other people by turns (Chaer and Agustina 2004:85).

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In bilingualism condition, realized or not, people usually do a language choice. Language choice is a variation of language that is used by a person when he/she talks to one or more other person influenced by some factors such as speaker (age, sex, ethnic, class etc), interaction (topic, tone, situation etc), code (source, genre etc) and realization (voice, body, mode etc) (Preston and Shuy 1980:2-13). Inlanguage choice there are some termexist.

Quoted from Sumarsono and Paina (2002:200), language choice divided into three. They are:

1. Variation within the same language. It is applied to a variation in a language, for example, the variation of informal and formal Frenc in Europe and French in Quebec, Canada.

2. Code switching. It usually happen when a person can speak two or more language fluently. For example, A has Batak language as his B1 and Indonesian as his B2 also A can speak English. In a trip A meets with D then he starts a conversation with Indonesian, but when A knows that D can speak Batak too, A sometimes speak in Batak language. Suddenly, A and D meet with a tourist and he asks them about something in English. Automatically, A and D speak in English. What A does is a code switching and what language A uses is depending on some factors such as participants, topic, setting, etc.

3. Code mixing. Code mixing is similar with intervension from a language to other language. In code mixing, the speaker insert unsures of another language such as word or phrase when he/she speaks in a language.

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In daily conversation, spoken or written language, formal or informal situation, realize or not, people use the code. For example in the dialogue bellow:

1. A: ehh makasih ya, nesehatmu tadi bikin aku jadi bersemangat lagi.

B: iya iya, tapi kenapa nangis?

I cried just before we are in the dialogue.

Your tears are so expensive to throw away, dear..

From the dialogue above, the underline sentences are code switching, when A replies what B tells her, then suddenly the topic is changed though it is still related and they use English fully and naturally. Then B replies also uses code switching because the situation is influenced by A.

2. Kok di remove, mbak? Kasian lho, maunya post dari dia di hide aja..

The underline words are code mixing, the speaker uses some English words in one sentence when she speaks in Bahasa Indonesia. Those words are terms in facebook and the speaker uses those words because she talks about something that happens in facebook. This code mixing usually is not realized by the speaker.

From the example above the writer is interested in doing a research about language choice, because this is a social indication that happens in daily life, but just few people concern with it. This research investigates the code switching and code mixing cases which occure or happen in daily conversation of some students of Depertment of English in the college area in the University of Sumatera Utara.

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1.2Problem of the Study

Based on the background above, the writer finds some problems that appear in the conversation. And it arises some questions, they are:

1. What are the types of code switching used by students of Department of English.

2. What are the components of language in code mixing used by students of

Department of English.

3. What are the reasons students of Department of English use code switching and

code mixing.

1.3Objective of the Study The objectives as follow:

1. To find out what are the types of code switching used by students of Department

of English.

2. To find out what are the components of language in code mixing used by

students of Department of English.

3. To find out the reasons why students of Department of English use

code-switching and code mixing.

1.4Scope of the Study

In this analysis, the writer makes a limitation to obtain a clear and detail description of the matter and some interesting cases that can be analyzed. However, the writer focuses the study on the analyzing types of code-switching and the components of language in code mixing by using utterances of students of

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Department of English University of Sumatera Utara in their daily conversation but still in the college area.

1.5Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this recent analysis can enrich or add knowledge of students who are majoring in language in terms of sociolinguistics, especially in understanding code-switching and code-mixing. Practically, the writer expects this recent analysis will be useful for the readers who live and interact in a bilingual or multilingual community to use the codes.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology handle it. It is a field that analyzes language as part of social property. The study explores the functions and the varieties of language, the contacts between different languages, attitudes of people towards language use and users, changes of language, as well as plans on language.

In the early definition of the study, some linguists used the term sociology of language, while others named it sociolinguistics. The difference between the names was agreed by some, though today most scholars in the field see it as an insignificant issue. In reference to the difference, the term sociolinguistics was used more to refer to the study of language in relation to society, whereas, sociology of language is used mainly to refer to the study of society in relation to language. Thus, in sociology of language, the emphasized object of study is language. Although the different emphasis seems to make a sense, in practice the discussions is inevitably overlap.

Spolsky (in Jendra, 2000:10) states that sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. While Holmes (1992:1) states that sociolinguistics is the study of relationship between language and society. They are interested in explaining why we speak differently social contexts and they concerned with identifying the social function of language and the ways it is used to

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Fishman (in Chaer, 1995:4) states that sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.

Language study should be based more on the view that human experiences are basically plural and every different language and variety of it reflects natural and cultural diversities. Holmes (2001:9) says that there are four different dimensions for analysis which relate to the social factors:

1. A social distance scale concerned with participant relationships 2. A status scale concerned with participant relationships

3. A formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction 4. Two functional scales relating to the purposes or topic of interaction

2.2 Bilingualism

Generally, bilingualism is about the using of two languages. Mackey (in Aslinda, 2007:24) states that bilingualism is the alternative use of two or more languages by the same individual. The person who can use two languages called bilingual and the ability of using the two languages called bilinguality.

Bloomfield (1933:56) definite the bilingualism as ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as a second language. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if he/she can use the first language as well as the second language. Many people asked about Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism, it is because, first, how to measure the ability of the

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speaker in mastering two languages that they use. Second, is there any speaker that using the second language as well as the first language.

Singh (2001:43) states that bilingual ability at the level of predominance that is how far a bilingual is able to use two languages, would affect one another in using languages. In fact, two languages possibly affect one another. It can occur when a bilingual uses second language continually in long period. When the first language is used again, both languages will be mixed automatically. This behavior creates new issues in linguistics for instance code switching and code mixing.

In addition to the concept bilingual, the term multilingual is also sometimes used to refer to the people who can use more than two languages. However, it has been now common to use the term bilinguals to include people who are actually more properly identified as multilingual.

2.3 Code

Code is a term which refers to a variety. Variety is a sociolinguistics term of specific set of ‘linguistic item’ or human speech patterns which we can uniquely associate with some external factor. It is refer to language or a variety of language as a code, being by definition a variation and some other perhaps more standard language.

In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. To a bilingual or multilingual, altough choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in deciding which code should be chosen still needs developing. The skill of choosing the

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2.3.1 Code Switching

There is a situation where speakers deliberately change a code being used, namely by switching from one to another. The change is called code-switching. Pietro (in Jendra, 2010:74) states that code-switching is the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act. According to Gal in Wardaugh (1998:100) code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations.

Bilinguals, who can speak at least two language, have ability to use elements of both languages when conversing with another bilingual. In code-switching, the speakers changes the code as he define the situation – fromal to informal, official to personal, serious to humourus, and politeness to solidarity.

Code switching as above can be classified into two different classifications. They are grammatical and contextual classification. The grammatical classification is based on where the code switching appears in the sentence or utterance, while the contextual classification is based on the reasons why a bilingual switches (Bloomfield and Gumperz (in Jendra, 2010:75).

The grammatical classification is divided into three types of code switching: tag-code switching, Inter-Sentential Code switching, and Intra-Sentential code switching.

1. Tag-code switching

A tag code switching happens when a bilingual inserts short expression (tag) from different language at the end of his/her utterances. For example, an Indonesian bilingual switches from English to Indonesian, “It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak?”

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2. Inter-sentential code switching

An inter-sentential code-switching happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. For example, an Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, “Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi masih enak kok didengerin.”

3. Intra-sentential code switching

An intra-sentential code-switching is found when a word, a phrase, a clause of a foreign language is found tithin the sentence in a base language. For example, an English bilinguals switches from English to Frence, “The hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelievably majestic.”

The Contextual classification is devided into two types of code switching, they are:

1. Situational code-switching

A situational code-switching appears when there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other. In regard to the factors of choosing a code suggested by Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:76-77), the changing situatios involved could be the settings, the Participants, or the Norms of interaction. For example, an Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English because of the presence of an English native speaker friend.

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Leo : “Hi. How are you, John? John, this is Haris, our friend from Medan.”

Haris : “Nice to meet you, John”

John : “Nice to meet you too”

2. Metaphorical code-switching

A metephorical code-switching happens when there is a change in the perception, the purpose or the topic of the conversation. The factors of this type of switching involves the End, the Act sequence or the Key. The following example illustrates hie some Indonesian students jokingly switch from English to Indonesian to affect s serious dialog to be a bit humorous.

Juli : We want to take it, to where... Ya, itu tempat kita biasa mancing, and we are drinking, singing, having fun, ok.”

Ana : And, there we are surfing, swimming.. Terus, kita jadi pusing-pusing dah hahaha”

Juli : “Are you joining, John?” John : “Okay, then.”

2.3.2 Code Mixing

The concept of code mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the other form of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. Gumpers states (in Jendra, 2010:79) in code-mixing, pieces of one language are used while a speaker is basically using another language.

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Pfuff states (in Jendra, 2010:79) conversational code-mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic or situation change. While Wardaugh (1998:103) says that code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.

Suwito (in Umar, 1993:14) also divides code mixing into two types:

a. Inner code mixing

It occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of their own language into national language, the element of dialect into own language.

b. Outer code mixing

Outer code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the element of their own language into foreign language.

2.4 Components of Language

Zvegintsev (1976:18) states that a machine that processes natural language must first be able to categorize, understand and process the wide variety of language components. Some of the different level of language as distinguished which are words, phrases, clauses, sentences, morphemes, syllables, differentiating signs, and phonemes. The last several in list (morphemes to phonemes) are most important for understanding and replicating speech, so the research will focus mainly on words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Wardaugh (2010:98) states that code mixing divides into inter-sentential code mixing which is happened when there is a complete sentence in foreign language

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which is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. From the defenition above, the components of language found in code mixing are word, phrase, clause, and sentence.

a. Word

Word is the smallest unit of language that can exist on its own in either written or spoken language. It is also constituents of sentence that due to their order, their suffices, prefixes, and differentiating signs give some meaning. A word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own.

Givon (1984:44) defines that word or morpheme is smallest code units in language. It means that morphemes can not be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful or mark such singular or plural. There are two kinds of morpheme. First, free morpheme also called as simple word which is capable of standing independently. For example: Book. Second, bound morpheme always attaches with other word. For example: Player (play + er). This is an example of code mixing in English and Indonesia language in word: “Saya suka nervous kalau di atas panggung.”

b. Phrase

A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that forms a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. A phrase is group of word acting as single part of speech and

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not containing both a subject and verb, a part of a sentence and does not express a complete thought.

In other word, phrase is a group of words that go together but do not build a complete sentence. This is an example of code mixing in English and Indonesia language in phrase: “Dari cara berbicaranya saja sudah terlihat jika dia mempunyai inner beauty.”

c. Clause

Clause is a group of related words containing a subject and verb. Clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, where the predicate is typically a verb phrase – a verb together with any objects and other modifiers. However the subject is sometimes not expressed; this is often the case in null-subject languages, if the subject is retrievable from context, but it also occurs in certain cases in other languages such as English (as in imperative sentences and non-finite clauses.

Clause in general classified as independent and dependent clause. An independent clause is the main idea of sentence. It can stand alone by itself or make sense by itself. While a dependent clause is the subordinate idea of sentence. It must be combined with an independent clause in other to be a part of sentence. It is also created by a subordinating conjunction. Another of dependent clause is subordinate clause. For example: “The Lady Gaga was canceled because the Indonesian was not true.” “The Lady Gaga was canceled” is independent clause, and “Because the Indonesian was not true” is dependent clause. This is an example of code mixing in

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d. Sentence

A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion. Based on the meaning, a sentence is a complete though by seeing or nearing a statement. Frank (1972:220) states that based on the function becomes a sentence consist of subject and predicate. This is an example of code mixing in English and Indonesia language in sentence: “Hati-hati di jalan yah! Be smart and fanny girls. See you next week!”

2.5 Reasons for Using the Codes

In 1964, Dell Hathway Hymes, one of the most noted world sociolinguists, suggested 8 factors that bilingual, multilingual, monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stand for Setting and Scene, Participants, ends, Act Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interactions, and Genre (Jendra, 2010:71).

 Setting and Scene

The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing a code. People may consider a more formal variety of a language when they talking in an office than when talking in a picnic place. Or a teacher will use a formal language when she/he gives some materials for their students than talking in a supermarket.

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The participants are the people involved in the communication found in setting. A good public speaker for example, wants to know about his/her audience (participants) before performing a speech. He/she may think of considering what kind of jokes he/she should tell or whether he/she speak in more casual way or formal one after considering the audience.

 Ends

The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he/she wishes to persuade the crowd before him/her in order to get support for the election. Therefore, for the different ends or occasions, people may choose different codes.

 Act Sequence

The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, is it narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story before entering the main topic.

 Key

The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be sincere, modest, or low.

 Instrumentalities

The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more

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The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

 Genre

The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is on the poem form, proverb form, a prayer form, a lecture etc. the factors described above have been one of the most important foundations in the general study of code choices.

They are popularly known as the components of the ethnography of speaking. In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. The certain degree these factors in choosing a code might be also helpful to describe factors that influence other forms of language contact phenomenon such as code switching and code mixing.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design

The method of this thesis is qualitative research. As quoted from Sugiyono (2009:14), qualitative research is:

“metode penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang berlandaskanpada filsafat postpositivisme, digunakan untukmeneliti pada kondisi obyek yang alamiah, (sebagai lawannya adalah eksperimen) dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrument kunci, pengambilan sampelsumber data dilakukan secara purposive dan snowball,tekhnik pengambilan dengan trianggulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif / kualitatif, dan hasil penelitiankualitatif lebih menekankan makna daripada generalisasi”. Qualitative research method is a research method that based on posypositivismphiloshopy, used to observ in natural object condition where theresearcher isthe key instrument, the technique of sampling through purposive and snowball, to collect the data using triangulation, the data analysis isinductively / qualitatively, and meaning is the essential of qualitativeresearch.

Bodgan and Biklen (1982) propose five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Sugiyono (2009:21), they are:

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b. Qualitative researchis descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number.

c. Qualitative research are concerns with process rather than simply with outcomes or products.

d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively. e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach.

The design of this research is descriptive qualitative research. Based on the five characteristics of qualitative research as proposed by Bodgan and Bilken, this research will show the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the collecting data and will be collected in words form.

3.2 Location and Time

This research is located in the area of cafetaria of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Jl. Universitas No.19 University of Sumatra Utara, Medan when the students have no class and takes time during April 14 until 27 2015 between 10 am to 2 pm.

3.3 Data and Data Source

The data presenting in this research comes from the daily conversations of students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara class of 2011 and 2014, collected by recording and then transcribing into a good script.

Another thing that should be noticed importantly that those students are students who speak English active and quite fluently.

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3.4 Data Collecting Procedures

In collecting the data, some instrument for this thesis are essentially needed to guarrantee the validity of the data. The data of this research were gathered by using recording techniques. This research were started by recording the conversation, listening the recording, writing all of the utterances then analyzing the data based on the relevant theory.

3.5 Step of the Research

The systematic procedure in conducting the analysis are as follows:

1. Recording the conversation and then transcribe into a good script.

2. Reducing the data.

3. Identifying the utterences which belong to code switching and code mixing.

4. Classifying the data into the more specific types of code switching and

components of language in code mixing.

5. Analyzing each type of code switching, components of language in code

mixing and reasons the speakers used code switching and code mixing based on the relevent theory.

6. Making conclusion based on the result of the analysis.

3.6 Data Analysis

After all the data are collected and transcribed into a good script, the next step is data analysis. According to Miles and Huberman, there are three steps in analyzing the data in qualitative research, thay are:

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CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4.1 Data Description

After the writer is done the research, there are some conversations analyze in this chapter. The analysis is focus in the conversations which are contain code switching and code mixing used by students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara. From 18 conversations recorded, the writer only chooses seven conversations to be analized, because the writer does not found language choice used by the students in the rest of 11 conversations.

The students come from class of 2011 and 2014. From 10 students who attend the recording during April 14 until 27 2015, the writer takes only five students as the informan, they are three males and two females, because those students actually they are who allows their conversation is recorded and they are valuable in using code switching and code mixing during the conversations.

The data description presenting in this chapter is the analysis of type of code switching, the components of language in code mixing and the reasons why the students of Department of English use the codes.

The writer uses the theory in chapter II to analize the data. One thing that should be noticed that the students use Bahasa Indonesia as the base language and English as the second language.

In every subtitle, the expressions that contain code switching and code mixing that are suitable with the subtitle are printed in boldface.

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Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 1

Dialogue 1

Line 1. Disini ada wifi?

Line 2. Ada sih, tapi di-log. Aku pernah nyoba tapi di-log. Mungkin lagi off. Line 3. Ooo soalnya aku mau invite bbm-mu.

Description:

From the conversation above, the speakers are asking and answering one another about the wireless connection in the canteen. They mix their languange by using the term in internet connection such as “wifi”, “log”, “off” and “invite”. The speakers actually do not realize that they mix their language by using English while they are speaking in Bahasa Indonesia. This case is classified into code mixing of word, because the speakers insert the smalest unit of language (word).

Dialogue 2

Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh.

Description:

In line 6, one of the speaker inform the others about a party and he switches his language into English by saying “rap party” to explain what kind of party. According to Bloomfield and Gumpers (in Jendra, 2010:76), when a word, a phrase or a clause in different language is found within the sentence in a base language, it is classified into intra-sentential code switching.

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Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh.. Line 7. Hah rap party?

Line 8. Iya, iya Description:

From the conversation above, we can see that the speaker in line 7 is doing situational code switching, because there is a change in the situation when the speaker in line 6 says something about party then the speaker in line 7 deliberately changes his utterance into English. This is also influence by norm of interaction because the speaker in line 7 is interruped the speaker in line 6.

Dialogue 4

Line 9. Itu, itu ada nggak raper-rapernya gitu..?

Description:

This line shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts the smallest unit of language in English “rapper”, which is uttered in form of Bahasa Indonesia. The speaker uses “raper-raper” actually to explain the word “rapers” (many raper).

Dialogue 5

Line 10. Ada, ada.. Itu dia aliran musiknya electronic band.

Description:

At the beginning of the sentence, the student uses Bahasa Indonesia then he switches into English by using words “electronic band” at the end of his utterance. According to Bloomfield and Gumpers (in Jendra, 2010:76), this case is classified into

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intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase from different language found within the sentence.

Dialogue 6

Line 11. Hemm gimana yaa.. mungkin excited juga kalo mau ngikut gitu, tapi ya kalo full harga tiket kalo kita mau booking itu kemana?

Description:

In this line, the student inserts some words from English such as “excited”, “full” and “booking” in one sentence. This case is clearly classified into code mixing of word.

Dialogue 7

Line 12. Dia ada free sale dan on the spot-nya. Beda-beda harganya, tapi aku lupa. Description:

This line is classified into code mixing of phrase, because there are two phrases uttered in English mixed with Bahasa Indonesia, they are “free sale” and “on the spot”.

Dialogue 7

Line 13. Ooo itu kapan itu deadline-nya?

Description:

In this line, the student is doing code mixing of word by inserting word “deadline” in his utterance.

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Line 16. Cut cut cut... Description:

This line shows an English word “cut” and repeated three times by the speaker. This situation happens because one of the speaker wants to say “stop” to the writer while the recording was on going. This case belongs to code mixing of phrase.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 2 Dialogue 1

Line 12. Iya, sir Rahmat juga Line 13. Pak Rahmat?

Description:

The example above shows a case of code switching process. The speaker switch the code from Bahasa Indonesia to English by saying “sir” rather than “pak” when he address someone. In conclution, this case belongs to intra-sentential code switching, because there is a word from another language found in one sentence.

Dialogue 2

Line 13. Pak Rahmat? Line 14. Iya, poetry kan..

Description:

From the conversation above, the speaker in line 14 deliberately change the code being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English by saying “poetry” rather than “puisi”. The word “poetry” is actually one of the subject in Department of English. This case is classified into code mixing of word.

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Dialogue 3

Line 14. Iya, poetry kan.. Line 15. Poetry?

Description:

The speaker in line 15 repeat what the speaker in line 14 just said. He also uses English. This kind of mixing called code mixing of word.

Dialogue 4

Line 17. Ehh brossur ada gak? Line 18. Hah, brosur?

Line 19. Iya. Karna yang diliat nanti dia lebih ke Anniversary.

Description:

The conversation above is showing code mixing of word, because the speaker in line 17 and 19 insert words from different language “brossur” and “anniversary” in the sentences.

Dialogue 5

Line 21. Abang, abang kan ngajar kan? Apai lah adek-adek abang ni dulu. Line 22. Iya, iya agak diapai lah invite, invite.

Description:

In this conversation, the speaker inserts a word “invite”. He deliberately change the code being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English, so this is classified into code mixing of word.

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Dialogue 6

Line 23. Ahh apa pula.. kalian pernak-pernik segala macam gak ada Line 24. Ada

Line 25. Ada.. Lunch ada..

Line 26. Ehh bukan itu. Flying poster, brossur segala macam nggak ada nampak.

Description:

In this conversation, the students also insert a word in different language. It shows in line 25 and line 26. It is classified into code mixing of word.

Dialogue 7

Line 28. Ehh itu empat puluh lima ribu ada free lunch, ada souvenir, snack.

Description:

This statement above shows case of intra-sentential code switching, because the speaker uttered another code within the sentence.

Dialogue 8

Line 32. Ini, apa, lucky draw

Line 33. Lucky draw? Belom tau hehe

Line 34. Kami sih rencananya kalo bisa TOEFL test ini

Line 35. Iya, lucky draw TOEFL gitu. Misalnya siapa yang beruntung kan dapet gratis TOEFL test.

Description:

From the conversation above, the speakers insert so many words from different language. They are all classified into code mixing of phrase, because all of them are groups of words (phrase) uttered in English.

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Dialogue 9

Line 37. Coba lah abang invite, kasih ke murid abang.

Description:

This line shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts word “invite” while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia.

Dialogue 10

Line 40. Macam itu, kalian berkumpuuul, betarikat, awak pun takut lewatnya ya kan. Line 41. Tah ngapain takut, kan abang yang OEP kami, Oral English Practice.

Description:

In line 41, one of the speaker says an acronym, OEP in English, which is stand for Oral English Practice, but the acronym is not classified into any type of codes because there is no explaination about acronym. “Oral English Practice” itself is classified into intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase of foreign language found within the sentence in a base language.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 3 Dialogue 1

Line 3. Abang masih ngajar di bimbel?

Line 4. Ehh apa nggak ada kerjaan buat kami berdua? Part time, part time.

Description:

Dialogue above is about part time job. In line 4, the speaker uses Bahasa Indonesia at the beginning of the sentence, then he switches the code into another one by saying

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this case belongs to intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase “part time” in foreign languge uttered within the sentence.

Dialogue 2

Line 7. Part time aja lah, nggak usah full time. Line 8. Ya memang part time.

Description:

The speakers in line 7 and 8 also use phrase “part time” but in this case, the phrase is classified into code mixing of phrase, because the speakers mix their language by inserting phrases in English.

Dialogue 3

Line 9. Ehh ini udah recording hahahaha

Description:

This line clearly shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts a word from different language in his utterance.

Dialogue 4

Line 11. Iya, pas bilang part time.

Line 12. Cepat lah bang, cariin kerja part time bang.

Description:

From the conversation above, the speakers also do code mixing process. This kind of code mixing belongs to code mixing of phrase, because the speaker mix their language by saying “part time” rather than “paruh waktu”.

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Dialogue 5

Line 13. Jadi kalian genre-nya apa?

Description:

This line also shows code mixing of word.

Dialogue 6

Line 22. Per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu. Line 23. Per hari?

Line 24. Per part time, per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu.

Description:

Line 22 and 24 begin with the phrase “per part time” uttered in English then followed by Bahasa Indonesia at the end of sentences. This case is classified into intra-sentential code switching.

Dialogue 7

Line 27. Tapi enak bang, sehari empat puluh ribu kita dapet satu paket gratis. Kan lumayan, Starbucks dapat satu cup gratis yang harga lima puluh, enam puluh.

Description:

From the conversation above, the speaker mixes Bahasa Indonesia with English by using a word “cup” rather than “cangkir”. This process is called code mixing of word.

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Dialogue 8

Line 33. Jauh kali ya. Langsung down levelnya

Description:

In this line, the speaker uses two words in English, “down” and “level” while the base language is Bahasa Indonesia. This case is called code mixing of word.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 4 Dialogue 1

Line 3. Dari internet.

Line 4. Itu, yang kemaren kan pas meeting kalian hubungi bang Ijal juga kan? Bang Ijal pun dia kayak gitu, dia kerja.

Description:

From the conversation above, both lines contain code mixing of word, because while the speakers basically speaks in Bahasa Indonesia, they insert a word in English.

Dialogue 2

Line 9. Kemaren dia ke airport kan, mau kerja di situ. Kan disuruh tunggu. Mau dipanggil pagi-pagi udah pake rapi kan, nggak iya ini. Pas mau dipanggil namanya, pigi dia.

Description:

The example above also shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts word “airport” rather than “bendara”.

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Dialogue 3

Line 11. Jadi sekarang dimana? Katanya nggak bisa Line, nggak bisa Path

Description:

In this line, the speaker is using special terms, the term in social media such as “line” and “path”. So, this line also belongs to code mixing of word.

Dialogue 4

Line 12. Handphode?

Line 13. Mati layarnya. Rusak. Line 14. Oya?

Line 15. Diidupin sih bisa. Tapi keypad-nya yang dibawah ini, kurang. Yang ininya bisa, diginiin bisa. Buat ngetik bisa, asalkan jangan tersentuh yang ini, nggak bisa. Bbm-ku pun udah nggak aktif lagi.

Line 16. Path kan masih?

Description:

The conversation above shows the code mixing of word.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 5

In this part generally, code mixing of word is mostly found in the utterences, because the speakers is talking about the differances of “trekking”, “hiking” and “climbing” during the conversation while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia as base language. They use those three English words because they want to know what the differences are. So, the writer will write down the lines which are contain code mixing of word.

Line 1. Kalo trekking di hutan kan?

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Line 12. Kalo hiking? Line 13. Kalo trekking?

Line 14. Trekking di hutan, hiking di gunung, climbing di tebing. Line 15. Aaa trekking, trekking..

Line 16. Trekking di youtube hahaha di club la di club. Line 21. Dia ini follower, follower paling update.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 6 Dialogue 1

Line 1. Ihh pening kali loo.. Line 2. Kenapa?

Line 3. Listening kan? Kenapa?

Description:

The dialogue above happens in canteen after the students done the class. One of the speaker says that she is feeling unwell as the effect joining the last class by saying “ihh pening kali loo” to the others. Then another speaker answers her statement by switching the code and he also change the topic by saying “listening kan?” So this kind of dialogue is classified into metaphorical code switching.

Dialogue 2

Line 21. Kami ujian sama Mam Redita.

Line 22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang ganjil duluan baru yang genap.

Description:

The dialogue above shows code switching process, because both of the speakers switch the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”, so it is classified into intra-sentential code switching.

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Dialogue 3

Line 42. Aku ada filenya tapi di internet, aku nggak ada paket internet. Di email, di email.

Description:

From the conversation above, we can see there are so many words from another language used by the speaker. Those words are the term in internet using, such as “file” and “email” include “internet” itself. So, this utterance is belongs to code mixing of word.

Dialogue 4

Line 51. Apa, dari yahoo?

Description:

This line also belongs to code mixing of word, because this dialogue is still containing term of internet using, that is “yahoo” and uttered within Bahasa Indonesia.

Dialogue 5

Line 52. Biar sambil refreshing.

Description:

Bloomfield and Gumperz states in Jendra (2010:76), when a word, a phrase or a clause from foreign language is found within the sentence, it is called intra-sentential code switching. In this case, the speaker deliberately change the code by saying

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Dialogue 6

Line 57. Ngomong aja, ngomong aja. Line 58. Supaya apa?

Line 59. Mixing mixing pake English.

Description:

This example of conversation is classifed into metaphorical code switching, because the speaker in line 59 does not response what the speaker in line 58 say. There is a change of the topic of the conversation in this dialogue.

Dialogue 7

Line 60. Udah natural aja. Ngomong nggak udah ada batasan.

Description:

From the dialogue above, line 60 is classified into code mixing of word. It bacause the speaker insert a word from another language while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia.

Dialogue 8

Line 66. Tadi kami belajar sama Mam Redit, nih.

Description:

From the example above, the speaker switches the code by saying a English words “mam” to address someone rather than “ibu”, so this is classified into intra-sentential code switching.

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Dialogue 9

Line 71. Pokoknya jangan kasih Mam Redita aja la ya kan. Line 72. Oh, Mam Redita.

Line 73. Ooooh Mam Redita.

Line 74. Ini cerita misteri, cerita misteri?

Line 75. Psycho, Psycho (Psycholinguistic, a subject) tapi Mam Redita yang ngawas.

Description:

Dialogue above is also classified into intra-sentential code switching.

Dialogue 10

Line 76. Ya pernah laa, dia udah stambuk berapa. Line 77. Udah dibully pun.

Description:

In this dialogue, line 77 shows us a word from different language. This case belongs to code mixing of word. It because the speaker mixes his language by inserting the code from English.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 7 Dialogue 1

Line 1. Urus laa, daripada deadline kan besok kan, daripada nunggu-nunggu dia kan ngasih tugas, aku kerjain sendiri la. Kadang nggak sempat, ah bisanya ini, gitu lah.

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From the conversation above, the speaker inserts a word from English “deadline” within his utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. This case could be classified into code mixing of word.

Dialogue 2

Line 3. Kena sama dia. “Oh kamu sekolah mana?”, “Ini Mam, Persit”, “oh, tentara ya, saya nggak takut tentara, bapak saya tentara,”

Description:

The speaker in line 3 is retelling his friends the conversation between he and the lecturer. He inserts a word “mam” in the sentence, so this example belongs to code mixing of word.

Dialogue 3

Line 9. Ehh berati kelen udah masuk sama Mam itu?

Description:

This line is classified into intra-sentential code switching. The speaker deliberately change the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”.

Dialogue 4

Line 15. Ehh nggak apa-apa kan? Line 16. Nggak apa-apa, natural aja.

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From the dialogue above, we can see that the speaker in line 15 is asking her friend. He response the question without changing the topic but then he switches the code by saying “natural”. This kind of dialogue belongs to intra-sentential code switching.

Dialogue 5

Line 28. Error, error. Hahahaha Line 29. Eh aku kan megang hp ini. Line 30. Error, handphonenya error.

Description:

The conversation above we can see that the speaker in line 28 states that there is an error in mobilephone but the next speaker does not realize which one is error so she replies by saying a statement in Bahasa Indonesia. We can see that there is a change in perception betweet both of them, so this case is classified into metaphorical code switching.

Dialogue 6

Line 33. Jadi aku pernah nanya sama pembimbingku kan, dia ngasih penjelasan juga kan, “kamu tau gak sebenarnya error sama mistake itu beda?”

Description:

From this sentence, it is clear that the speaker mixes his language with English by saying “error” and “mistake”. So, this line belongs to code mixing of word.

Dialogue 7

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Line 38. Kalo mistake itu kesalahan yang dibuat oleh manusia, sedangkan error bukan.

Line 39. Bukan, kalo error itu dia kesalahannya secara fatal, kalo mistake ada yang bener juga.

Description:

The dialogue above is also classified into code mixing of word, because each speaker insert a word from another language in his/her utterances.

Dialogue 8

Line 43. Kalo error dia udah nggak bisa lagi. Line 44. Tapi aku setuju sih samamu.

Line 45. Kalo mistake tu besar, kalo error tuh missing.

Description:

Those lines clearly belong code mixing of word.

Dialogue 9

Line 49. Kalo misalnya udah error yang buat missing, jadi apa lah arti human error itu?

Line 50. Kalo error itu memang missing loh.

Line 59. Abang pun juga seolah mengaminkan ya kan, karna memang iya sih sejalan juga. Kalo mistake itu memang kesalahan tapi kesalahan yang dibuat manusia dan dia sadar. Kalo misalnya error, kita ingin membuat sesuatu, mau sedemikian rupa, menang udah bagus tapi kecelakaan lagi, itu la jadinya error. Kalo misalnya mistake, misalnya kita mau belanja kan, padahal tadinya mau nabung tapi malah belanja, itu kita kan sadar kan, tapi nggak tertahankan mau belanja itu, itu mistake. Kita nyadar. Kalo error, misalnya kita udah buat panggung semegah mungkin tiba-tiba runtuh, itu error. Nggak tau kita siapa yang buat runtuh.

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Description:

The dialogue above still arguing about the differences between “mistake” and “error”. So, this dialogue also regarded as code mixing of word.

4.1.2 Explanation of the Code Switching in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara

According to the data description above, the writer only found three types of code switching ocurrs in the conversations, they are intra-sentential code switching, situational code switching and metaphorical code switching. While tag code switching and intersentential code switching are not found.

As the writer explains in the data description, intra-sentential code switching is the most dominant type used by the students. It occurs thirteen times during the conversations. According to Bloomfield and Gumperz (in Jendra, 2010,76) an intra-sentential code switching happens when a word, a phrase or a clause from different language is found within the sentence in a base language. Most of the speakers switch a word in English, such as “mam” to addressing someone (in this case is female lecturer) while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia. All the sentences that contain this case is classified into intra-sentential code switching.

The second place is metaphorical code switching, it happens three times during the conversations. The metaphorical code switching happens when there is a changing in perception, the purpose or the topic of the conversation. The last one is situational code switching only found one time, because the situation when the conversation happens is not really influence the speaker while using the code, so that

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4.1.3 Explanation of the Code Mixing in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara

First of all, the writer wants to explain why the analysis of code mixing is focus in components of language, not like the analysis of code switching which is focused in analyzing the type. From the beginning of the research, the writer focus the analysis in the daily conversation of students of Department of English, so there are only two languages being used, they are Bahasa Indonesia and English.

We can claerly conclude that the type of code mixing that occurs in the conversation is outer code mixing, as Suwito (in Umar and Napitupulu, 1994:14) devided code mixing into two types: inner code mixing and outer code mixing. Inner code mixing is sourced from the native language with all its variations (formal, standard, informal or non-standard). While outercode mixing is sourced from foreign language.

Code mixing usually occurs unintentionally, it becomes usual for people to use it in their speech. It may because there are a lot of words of foreign language, especially English, that are well-known so they can use it easily. It is why the code mixing of word becomes the most dominant in using. There are 90 utterances of code mixing of word occurs in the conversations.

The second place is code mixing of phrase. After the writer analyze the data, there are only five cases of code mixing of phrase found from the conversations. It may because even there are so many phrases in English they have known, but they are not really realize it while they are speaking so they rarelly use it.

The last two components of language are clause and sentence. In these conversations, the writer does not found any of them because there is no clause or

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sentence in code mixing used by the students. It may because the students uttered the utterances shortly when they take turn.

4.1.4 The Reasons Why Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara Use Code Switching and Code Mixing in Their Daily Conversations

After discussing the type of code switching and components of language in code mixing, the writer will discuss about the reasons why the sudents of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara switch and mix their language.

As one of the most noted world sociolinguists, Dell Hathway Hymes suggested (in Jendra, 2010:71), there are eight factors that people may consider when choosing a code. They are Setting and scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interactions and Genre.

Form all the conversations, the writer only found three reasons why the students do language choice. The result is collected by giving questioners to all informans. The three reasons are Setting and scene, Participants, and Norm of interaction. While Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities and Genre are not found. As the writer mention in chapter II , in a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together.

Participants is the most dominant reason found in the conversations that occurs 81 times. Most of them are common words that familiar to the speakers so they can easily understand. The second place is Setting and scene that occurs 48 times, because the students state that they feel more confidence when they are doing

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crowded place in campus and it is the best place to show their English off to other students. Then the last is Norm of Interaction that occurs only one time.

a. Participants

Participants are the people involved in the communication found in setting. In these conversations, all the participants are students of Department of English, so it is why they easy to understand when a speaker does language choice. For example: Conversation 6, line 22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang

ganjil duluan baru yang genap.

In this example, the speaker is using word “mam” rather than “ibu” to address one of their female lacturer, because it is usual for students of Department of English to use that word, so they understand it well. But if there was another participants from different department for example, maybe it is difficulf for he/she to understand it. We can conclude that the speaker realize who the participants are, so that is why he/she does language choice by using code switching.

b. Setting and scene

The setting and scene are the places, occasions or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing a code. In this research, all the conversations are located in the cafeteria of Faculty of Cultural Studies. As one of the student states that he uses the code mixing because the natural situation in the cafeteria made him asking about the existence of wireless connection. For example, as show in conversation 1 line 1 and 2.

line 1. Disini ada wifi?

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From the dialogue above, the speakers mix their language with English by saying “wifi”, “log” and “off”. As we know that it is usual for people asking about wireless connection when they get into a place like cafeteria. So it is clear why they do language choice.

c. Norm of Interaction

The Norm of Interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contact, distance, asking questions about believe, etc. According to the explaination, the writer only found this kind of reason such as in conversation 1 line 16.

line 16. Cut cut cut…

This kind of reason only found one time from all of the conversations. It is happening while one of the student suddenly wants to interrupt the recording and he says “Cut cut cut…” spontantly.

Now, in this section the writer will give a clear explanation about the reasons why the students of Department of English use the codes by using table.

Speaker 1

REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total

S 2 5 4 - 8 - 1 20

P 4 6 3 1 4 7 7 32

E - - - -

A - - - -

K - - - -

I - - - -

N - - - -

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Speaker 2

REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total

S 2 1 2 - 3 3 - 11

P 6 4 1 2 1 9 1 24

E - - - -

A - - - -

K - - - -

I - - - -

N 1 - - - 1

G - - - -

Speaker 3

REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total

S - 1 1 - 4 3 3 12

P - 1 1 4 - 1 11 18

E - - - -

A - - - -

K - - - -

I - - - -

N - - - -

G - - - -

Speaker 4

REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total

S - - - 1 2 3

P - - - 1 4 5

E - - - -

A - - - -

K - - - -

I - - - -

N - - - -

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Speaker 5

REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total

S - - - 2 2

P - - - 1 1 2

E - - - -

A - - - -

K - - - -

I - - - -

N - - - -

G - - - -

4.2 Finding

The following are the findings of the analysis:

1. There are 142 utterances of codes found in the conversations between the students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara. The writer finds 17 cases that belong to code switching and 103 utterances belong to code mixing. They were analyzed based on the types of code switching and the components of language in code mixing.

2. There are three reasons why the students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara use the codes, they are Setting and scene, Participants and Norm of Interaction.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After do the research and analyze it, the writer gets some conclusions about the research. This research has three questions that are elaborated into three problems of the study, thay are the type of code switching used by the students, the components of language in code mixing and the resons why the students use the codes. Therefore, the following conclusions are based on the three problems of the study.

a. Types of Code Switching

As the writer mention in Chapter II, there are five types of code switching. In this research, the writer only found three types, intra-sentential code switching, situational code switching and metaphorical code switching. According to the analysis, the intra-sentential code switching occurss 13 times, while the situational code switching occurs only one time and metaphorical code switching occurs three times.

b. Components of Language in Code Mixing

There are four components of language: word, phrase, clause and sentence. The writer found two components of language in code mixing used by the students, they are code mixing of word and code mixing of phrase. According to the analysis, code mixing of word occurs 90 times and code mixing of phrase occurs 13 times.

c. The Reasons for Code Switching and Code Mixing

In Chapter II, the writer mention the reasons why bilinguals switch or mix their language. There are eight reasons proposed by Dell Hymes, but the writer only found

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three, they are Participants that occurs 81 times, Setting and scene that occurs 48 times and Norm of interaction that occurs only one time.

5. 2 Suggestion

Through this thesis, the writer finds that code switching and code mixing is a common phanomenon that happens in our daily life. The globalization era influence the people in choosing the codes since most of the code that being used is the terms from particular field that popular lately such as social networking. The code switching and code mixing not only occurs in writen language but also in spoken one.

The writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect especialy about sociolinguistics theories. The writer also hopes that this research can influence another researcher to do a research with other theories, another subject and with deeper analysis. Finally, the writer wishes that this thesis can be worth reading and useful for anyone who concern in this field.

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REFERENCES

Aslinda and Syafyahya, Leni. 2007. Pengantar Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.

Bollinger, D. 1975. Aspects of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Chaer, Abdul and Leoniel Agustina. 1995. Sociolinguistics, Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rhineka Cipta.

Faisal, Sanapiah dan Waseso, Mulyadi Guntur. 1982. Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.

Hadi, Sutrisno. 2004. Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.

Hanafi, Ahmad. 2012. An Analysis of Code Mixing Used by Telkomsel’s Caroline Offocer Call Center of PT. Infomedia Nusantara Medan. Unpublished: University of Sumatera Utara.

Hanafiah, Ridwan, Dr. 2012. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Hornby, A.S. et al. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s of Current English 3rd Edition.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics: The Studies of Societies’ Language. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Maryam, Adisti Aulia. 2010. A Brief Description of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Informal Conversation Used by 2009 Batch Students of English Department USU. Unpublished: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. Buku Pedoman Penulisan Proposal/Skripsi dan Ujian Kompetensi Program Strata Satu (S1). Medan: Departemen Sastra Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Nababan, P.W.J. 1993. Sociolinguistics Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

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Sinulinmgga, Emmy. K. 2009. Code Mixing and Code Switching in “Smart Bussines Talk” of Smart Radio 101,8 FM in the Theme ‘How To Become A Superstar Sales Person’. Unpublished: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Siregar, Bahren Umar. 1996. Code Alternation In Billingual Speech Behaviour Bahasa Indonesia-English Language Mixing. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Zveginstev, V.A. 1976. Predlozzheye I Yevo Otnoshenye K Yaziku I Rechi. Moskovskiy Universitet.

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16. Trekking di youtube hahaha di club la di club.

17. Eh Raditya Dika udah nikah katanya, udah di jaga katanya, ada cincinnya. 18. Itu cuman apa..

19. Ahh tau dia kan.. 20. Hahaha

21. Dia ini follower, follower paling update. 22. Hahahaha

Conversation 6 3 Males, 2 Females Kantin FIB

1. Ihh pening kali loo 2. Kenapa?

3. Listening kan? Kenapa? 4. Kenalan laa

5. Ambil kursi Rena. 6. Sini sini duduk.

7. Ih pening kali, banyak kali bahan yang mau di bahas. 8. Dimana?

9. i ini lo, di apa, ihh 10. Bisa kan?

11. Aku nggak sempat belajar jadinya.

12. Udah kau ngopek aja lah besok, besok kau genap apa ganjil? 13. Genap.

14. Yaudah sama aja lah.

15. Ini biasanya ngopek ini hahaha 16. Kau genap? Kau genap? Kau genap? 17. Genap. Kau genap?

18. Aku ganjil. 19. Alya genap.

20. Apa genap, genap?

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22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang ganjil duluan baru yang genap.

23. Tau genap dan ganjilnya dari apa? NIM? 24. NIM.

25. Dari NIM. 26. Aku lapan puluh. 27. Tujuh puluh. 28. Aku berapa ya?

29. Biasanya disatuin apa gimana sih? 30. Iya.

31. Eh kalian udah makan? 32. Udah.

33. Makan ya.

34. Iya, makan, makan. 35. Aku jumpa Zahara. 36. Dimana? Di Monginsidi? 37. Iya.

38. Nah hahaha

39. Mana anak muda India itu? 40. Siapa anak muda India? 41. Oya

42. Aku ada filenya tapi di internet, aku nggak ada paket internet. Di email, di email.

43. Katanya ini mau ngajak ke Mikky, mau ikut gak? 44. Ayok.

45. Haa kan ayok kan, dah kan. 46. Ikut lah, aku belum pernah sih. 47. Abis UTS lah, abis UTS, biar tenang.

48. Nggak biar kubuat email si Rony, email Rony kau tau apa, email Rony 49. Huuuaaaa

50. Apa kak, senang-senang? 51. Apa, dari yahoo?

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53. Eh ini kita direkam loh sama kakak ini. 54. Kapan?

55. Sekarang, daritadi. 56. Supaya apa?

57. Ngomong aja, ngomong aja. 58. Supaya apa?

59. Mixing mixing pake English.

60. Udah natural aja. Ngomong nggak udah ada batasan.

61. Jadi kita ngomongnya dicampur-campur Inggris lah. Udah dari tadi. 62. Mau bahas apa? Sastra? Tanya la, apa?

63. Satu soal lagi, satu soal lagi.

64. Eh eh gak mau nanya berati udah pande hehehe

65. Makanya nanya la, nanti kan awak perbaiki nanti nggak ingat itu. 66. Tadi kami belajar sama Mam Redit, nih.

67. Tanya la, masa aku yang.. 68. Kau pikir dia tau semua hahaha

69. Kalo tau semua udah jadi dosen la hahaha 70. Ya Allah

71. Pokoknya jangan kasih Mam Redita aja la ya kan. 72. Oh, Mam Redita.

73. Ooooh Mam Redita.

74. Ini cerita misteri, cerita misteri?

75. Psycho, Psycho (mata kuliah Psikolinguistik) tapi Mam Redita yang ngawas. 76. Bang udah pernah jumpa Mam Redita?

77. Ya pernah laa, dia udah stambuk berapa. 78. Udah dibully pun.

79. Kayak mana orangnya? 80. Udah pernah belom? 81. Belom.

82. Dulu kan komting. 83. Dulu?

84. Iya la, kan selama kuliah ini komting terus, tapi pas jaman dia diganti. 85. Hahahaha

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86. Karna gak jelas, karna komting nggak jelas bagi tugas, jadi diganti. 87. Nggak jelasnya gimana?

88. Misalnya kan ada tugas macem gini, ketik sendiri kelompok, dibuat sendiri dijawab sendiri.

Conversation 7 3 Males, 2 Females Kantin FIB

1. Urus laa, daripada deadline kan besok kan, daripada nunggu-nunggu dia kan ngasih tugas, aku kerjain sendiri la. Kadang nggak sempat, ah bisanya ini, gitu lah.

2. Terus?

3. Kena sama dia. “Oh kamu sekolah mana?”, “Ini Mam, Persit”, “oh, tentara ya, saya nggak takut tentara, bapak saya tentara,”

4. Iya, tau nggak sih, cuma telat dua menit, tugas kami nggak dikumpul. Dia bilang jam satu teng harus dikasih ke tempat saya. Itu kan harus jalan lagi dari gedung Anif , jadi telat dua menit. Dua menit, nggak boleh kumpul lagi. 5. Terus nggak ngumpul?

6. Nggak. 7. Enak la kelen.

8. Dua meniitt. Padahal kami ngerjainnya banyak, dua tumpuk. 9. Ehh berati kelen udah masuk sama Mam itu?

10. Belom, baru sekali.

11. Tapi aku pernah liat orangnya 12. Sering, sering, aku sering. 13. Iya, pake alis sini, sini. 14. Disini? Hahaha

15. Ehh nggak apa-apa kan? 16. Nggak apa-apa, natural aja.

17. Kan ada apa, apa, ini. Tapi dia pendek. 18. Jelek.

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20. Nanti suaranya jadi animasi kak. 21. Hahahaha

22. Hahahaha

23. Nanti kau dilempar pas masuk kelasnya. 24. Hahahaha

25. Dewa tu, dewa.

26. Kau kok ngaca-ngaca aja?

27. Ntar dulu wee, aku dulu waktu di kaca eh rambutku pendek aku baru sadar. 28. Error, error. Hahahaha

29. Eh aku kan megang hp ini. 30. Error, handphonenya error.

31. Eh kalian megang-megang tapi nggak tanggungjawab. 32. Loh? Makanya tanya, “ini apa bang?” hahahaha

33. Jadi aku pernah nanya sama pembimbingku kan, dia ngasih penjelasan juga kan, “kamu tau gak sebenarnya error sama mistake itu beda?”

34. Hah? Apa?

35. Error sama mistake itu beda. 36. Error sama mistake itu beda? 37. Ha, apa lah coba bedanya?

38. Kalo mistake itu kesalahan yang dibuat oleh manusia, sedangkan error bukan.

39. Bukan, kalo error itu dia kesalahannya secara fatal, kalo mistake ada yang bener juga.

40. Nggak.

41. Kalo menurutku kayak gitu. 42. Kan menurut.

43. Kalo error dia udah nggak bisa lagi. 44. Tapi aku setuju sih samamu.

45. Kalo mistake tu besar, kalo error tuh missing. 46. Missing? Missing.

47. Kalo mistake itu kita dua, kalo error Mam Redita ihihihi 48. Hihihihi

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49. Kalo misalnya udah error yang buat missing, jadi apa lah arti human error itu?

50. Kalo error itu memang missing loh. 51. Dah mulai dia.

52. HMI, HMI. 53. Hahahaha

54. Organisasi kali ah. 55. Betul bang?

56. Sri Dewi kali hahaha. Ini, apa, kalo menurut penjelasan Sir itu, dan aku pun juga...

57. Sir siapa? 58. Parlindungan.

59. Abang pun juga seolah mengaminkan ya kan, karna memang iya sih sejalan juga. Kalo mistake itu memang kesalahan tapi kesalahan yang dibuat manusia dan dia sadar. Kalo misalnya error, kita ingin membuat sesuatu, mau sedemikian rupa, menang udah bagus tapi kecelakaan lagi, itu la jadinya error. Kalo misalnya mistake, misalnya kita mau belanja kan, padahal tadinya mau nabung tapi malah belanja, itu kita kan sadar kan, tapi nggak tertahankan mau belanja itu, itu mistake. Kita nyadar. Kalo error, misalnya kita udah buat panggung semegah mungkin tiba-tiba runtuh, itu error. Nggak tau kita siapa yang buat runtuh.

60. Ooooh 61. Ooohh

An Analysis Of Codes Used By Students Of Department Of English University Of Sumatera Utara

AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2015

AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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An Analysis Of Codes Used By Students Of Department Of English University Of Sumatera Utara

AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2015

AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA

A THESIS

BY:

LEONY DENISA

REG. NO. 080705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

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An Error Analysis On The Use Of Gerund To The Fourth Semester Students Of English Department Faculty Of Cultural Studies University Of Sumatera Utara In The Academic Year of 2012/2013

AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITION WRITTEN BY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITION WRITTEN BY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.

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