2. Mental Process
While material process is concerned with the process of doing and happening, mental process is concerned with the experience of the world of one‟s
own consciousness. It is the process which focuses on the inner experience. Eggins 2004: 225 explains that Halliday divides mental process into three
classes: cognition verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding, for example I dont know her name, affectionemotions verbs of liking, fearing, e.g. I hate
injections, and perception verbs of seeing, hearing, e.g. Simon heard it on the news.
In a clause of „mental‟ process, there is always one participant who is human which is called as the Senser. This type of participant is the one that
senses, feels, thinks, wants or perceives. As Halliday and Matthiessen 2004 explains that more accurately, we should say human-like; the significant feature of
the Senser is that of being „endowed with consciousnesses‟. Beside participant, there exists another main element in a clause of mental process, namely the
Phenomenon which is felt, thought, wanted or perceived, the position is in a sense reversed. Phenomenon is used in referring to the object thing which is being
sensed or thought. Table 2.7
Example of mental c lause “emotionaffection”
She loves
flowers Senser
Process: mental Phenomenon
Table 2.8 Example of mental clause “cognition”
They have known
the secret Senser
Process : mental Phenomenon
Table 2.9 Example of mental clause “perception”
David Heard
about general election on the news
Senser Process: mental Phenomenon
Circumstance
3. Relational Process
According to Butt 2007:47, the main character of relational processes is that they relate a participant to its identity or description. It is a process which
serves to characterize and also to identify. Relational process is also often described as the process of being. The central meaning of clauses of this type is
that something is. Butt 2000 explains that within relational processes there are two main types: relational attributive, which relate a participant to its general
characteristics or description; and relational identifying, which relate a participant to its identity, role or meaning. In relational attributive clauses the participant
carrying the characteristics or attributes is known as the Carrier and the characteristic is known as Attribute. The Attribute is typically an indefinite
nominal group or a nominal group with an adjective as Head. Beside the different forms of the verb
“be”, other verbs which relate a Carrier to an Attribute may include seem, look, appear, remain and feel.
In contrast to attributive processes, relational identifying processes set up an identity, role or meaning. They perform two separate functions and have two
sets of labels. The first function is the one which provides a new identity. In identifying something, relational process uses the term identified as the participant
roles and the term identifier as the object which classifies the identified. The second function of relational identifying processes allows us to take any form and
identify its function and also to take any function and identify its form. In other words, we take some token and give it a new value or some value and give its
token. The term of Token is said as the participants roles as the form while value is what we call as the function. Butt also states that although the most common
relational process is be, which has no passive voice, other verbs that can relate a Token and its Value may include mean, spell, express, play, act, show and
represent, which do have passive forms. Table 2.10 Example of relational attributive clause
Her house is
Luxurious Carrier
Process: relational Attribute
Table 2.11 Example of relational identifying clause That star
Is what you are staring in the night
Identified Process : relational
Identifier Table 2.12 Example of relational identifying clause with Token
My favorite song Is
Claire de Lune Value
Process: relational identifying Token
Table 2.13 Example of relational identifying clause with Value Claire de Lune
Is my favorite song
Token Process: relational identifying
Value
4. Behavioral Process