3.1.2 Research and Development
In education, R D Research is aimed at investigating activities which are related to education in order to improve qualities of education system,
curriculum, or even teaching material. It was done by using the methodology of R D Research. Some experts in education tried to develop the curriculum and
material based on the needs of the learners. Some experts state different opinion on the definition of research and
development. Tyas 2010: 18, RD Research is a research method which is used to get a certain product and to examine the effectiveness of a product. There
are two other definitions which are more complete thoroughly. Carrol 2007: 4 states that Research and Development is managed by following steps: 1 take
initiative to seek solutions to known issues, 2 gather data from teachers and learners, 3 create syllabus, 4 monitor implementation, seek feedback, and make
adjustments. Whereas, teachers and learners are required to: 1 respond to management initiatives, 2 give feedback, 3 follow syllabus.
According to Thornton et al. 2009: 18, there are five methods in the process of developing the curriculum and materials, they are as follows:
1 Needs Analysis
The first stage of the research is analysis. A needs analysis is a process of identifying and evaluating needs in a ethnographically oriented
investigation focusing not only on the perceived needs of end users but also on the broader socioeducational context in which any innovation is to
take place. The identification of needs is also a process of describing problems of a target population and possible solutions to these problems.
2 Design
Design is the process making the draft, producing the structures of the findings of the needs analysis. In here, author will manage a structural
materials based on the needs analysis findings. In this stage, author also can make revision on the materials if the existing materials are not
qualified as a suitable one based on the needs of the students. 3
Development After revising the syllabus,the material is developed according to the level
at which the students are taught and based on their needs also. 4
Implementation In order to ensure the quality of teaching developed materials, teachers are
necessary to try it out to the students as the implementation of teaching material in learning activity.
5 Evaluation
Evaluation has two main purposes: 1 to collect formative feedback on the curriculum and materials and 2 to access the training needs of English
teachers. Based on the research and developmental approach by Carrol and
Thornton et. al above, writer will apply some methods in conducting R D research: 1 observe and collect data from teacher and students, 2 needs analysis,
3 createdesign material structures,4 develop the material, 5 material implementation, and 6 evaluate the developed materials after implementation.
Based on the definition above, writer can make an interpretation that RD in this study means the process or developing a totally new material or
improving existing ones to encourage the students in learning English.
3.2 Object of the Study
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