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Figure IV.12 BMD
Based on the above data it is known that there are 3 categories of BMD, ie, Low, Moderate and High. From the data obtained that the high
category at the level of osteoporosis of the sample were in the highest frequency, with 20 persons.
B. Result of the Research
Fifty individuals met the eligibility criteria for the study. Forty-three participants have given consent and participated in this study for a respond
rate of 86. A 46.5 of the samples “20 participants” was collected from University Malaya Medical Center, while 53.5 “23 participants” was
collected from University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center. Data analysis was done on the 43 participants; all of them were
women. A 58.1 were between 55-70 years old, 30.2 between 71-80 years old, and 11.6 were above 81 years old. In regards to race, 58.1 of the
BMD
3.5 3
2.5 2
1.5 1
0.5
Frequency
25 20
15 10
5
BMD
Mean =2.21 Std. Dev. =0.833
N =43
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sample were Malay, 25.6 Chinese, and 16.3 Indians. The social classes were different among the participants; 27.9 were from intermediate
occupation class, 25.6 professionals, 18.6 unemployed, 16.3 industrial workers, and 11.6 service workers. As shown in Table 4.1, 44.2 of
participants‟ level of education was classified as Tertiary, 27.9 finished primary school, 23.3 finished their secondary school, and 4.7 uneducated.
Table IV.3 Characteristics of the Sample
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
Name of hospital
UKMMC 23
53.5 UMMC
20 46.5
Race
Malay 25
58.1 Chinese
11 25.6
Indian 7
16.3
Level of education
Uneducated 2
4.7 Primary
12 27.9
Secondary 10
23.3 Tertiary
19 44.2
Social class
Professional 11
25.6 Intermediate occupation
12 27.9
Service worker 5
11.6 Industrial worker
7 16.3
Unemployed 8
18.6
UMMC-University Malaya Medical Center UKMMC-Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center
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BMI was measured by weight adjusted for height and was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters kgm2. As
shown by the samples, underweight participants with BMI of 16-18.5 were 15, normal participants with BMI of 18.5-25 were 9, and overweight
participants with BMI of 25-35 were 19 Table 4.2.
Table IV.4 BMI kgm2
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
Underweight 16-18.5 15
34.9 Normal 18.5-25
9 20.9
Overweight 25-35 19
44.2
BMI-Body Mass Index
A 73.4 of participants reported having early menopause before 45 years old and 25.6 reported as normal menopause that is after 45 years old.
A 67.4 of participants reported that their menstrual cycles started to be irregular between 40-43 ages and 32.6 between 44-47 ages. A 58.1 of the
samples reported that they had their last menstrual period between ages of 40- 43 and the rest reported between ages of 44-47 Table 4.3.
Table IV.5 Menopause Stage
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
Menopause
Early menopause before 45 Yrs. old 32
74.4 Normal menopause after 45 Yrs. old
11 25.6
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Irregular menstrual cycles
40-43 29
67.4 44-47
14 32.6
Last menstrual period
40-43 25
58.1 44-47
18 41.9
Medical history of the participants was measured by experiencing the following diseases; endocrine disease, Cushing‟s syndrome, hypogonadism,
hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, chronic liver disease, malabsorption syndromes or gastric surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, nutrition
deficiency, cancer, multiple myeloma, and osteogenesis imperfect Table 4.4.
Table IV.6 Medical History of the Sample
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
Endocrine disease
Yes 18
41.2 No
25 58.1
Cushing’s syndrome
Yes 22
51.2 No
21 48.8
Hypogonadism
Yes 22
51.2
No 21
48.8
Hyperthyroidism
Yes 25
58.1 No
18 41.9
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Hyperparathyroidism
Yes 25
58.1 No
18 41.9
Renal failure
Yes 13
30.2 No
30 69.8
Chronic liver disease
Yes 14
32.6 No
29 67.4
Malabsorption syndromes
Yes 20
46.5 No
23 53.5
Gastric surgery
Yes 5
11.6 No
38 88.4
Rheumatoid arthritis
Yes 29
67.4 No
14 32.6
Nutrition deficiency
Yes 27
62.8 No
16 37.2
Cancer
Yes 9
20.9 No
24 79.1
Multiple myeloma
Yes 30
69.8 No
13 30.2
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Yes 43
100 No
0.00 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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Not listed disease
Yes 9
20.9 No
31 72.1
Not suremaybe 3
7 Osteoporosis minor risk factors of the samples were presented by
smoking and drinking habits among participants as shown in Table 4.5, however 70 of the participants reported that they never smoke, 18.6 light
smoker, 9.3 moderate smokers, and 2.9 reported being heavy smoker. Moreover, 51.2 reported that they never drink alcohol while 25.6 reported
having light level of drinking alcohol, 16.3 reported having moderate level of alcohol drink, and 7 reported having heavy drinking alcohol habit.
Participants mentioned either they used or they are using Glucocorticoids, Antiplatelets Heparin, Warferin, Antiepileptic Phenytoin, Phenobarbital
and Immunosuppressant Table IV.5.
Table IV.7 Osteoporosis Minor Risk Factors of the Sample Smoking Drinking
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
Smoking habit
Non-smoker 30
69.9 Light smoker
8 18.6
Moderate smoker 4
9.3 Heavy smoker
1 2.3
Drinking habit
Never 22
51.2 Light
11 225.6
Moderate 7
16.3 Heavy
3 7
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Used drug
Glucocorticoids 15
34.9 Antiplatelets Heparin, Warferin
10 23.3
Antiepileptic Phenytoin, Phenobarbital 9
20.9 Immunosuppressant
9 20.9
Osteoporosis was categorized by self-report in three levels; high, moderate, and low level. Eleven women of the participants “25.6” reported
having low level of osteoporosis, 27.9 moderate level of osteoporosis, and 46.5 reported having high level of osteoporosis Table IV.6.
Table IV.8 Level of Osteoporosis of the Sample
Variable n=43
Frequencies Percent
BMD
Low 11
25.6 Moderate
12 27.9
High 20
46.5
BMD- Bone Mineral or Mass Density
The mean, standard deviation SD, and reliability of the study scales were computed Table 4.7. As mentioned by Nunnally and Berstein 1994,
scales with internal consistency reliabilities above 0.70 have acceptable reliability. However, for the test standardization, data were collected from 43
women who were diagnosed as osteoporotic patients in University Malaya Medical Center and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The index of reliability of test was ascertained by perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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computing Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient, which was found to be 0.855; therefore, 3 of the scales employed in this study are considered reliable. In
other words, physical activity questionnaire instrument that was used in this study, showed an internal consistency reliability of 0.855 in this study.
Table IV.9 Reliabilities, Means, and Standard Deviations of Scales
Scales Means
SD Cronbach‟s Alpha
Mild exercise 7.93
2.272 0.754
Moderate exercise 6.07
1.639 0.645
Vigorous exercise 2.26
0.819 0.894
Physical activity 16.26
4.129 0.855
Questionnaire
C. Discussion of Result Data Analysis
