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computing Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient, which was found to be 0.855; therefore, 3 of the scales employed in this study are considered reliable. In
other words, physical activity questionnaire instrument that was used in this study, showed an internal consistency reliability of 0.855 in this study.
Table IV.9 Reliabilities, Means, and Standard Deviations of Scales
Scales Means
SD Cronbach‟s Alpha
Mild exercise 7.93
2.272 0.754
Moderate exercise 6.07
1.639 0.645
Vigorous exercise 2.26
0.819 0.894
Physical activity 16.26
4.129 0.855
Questionnaire
C. Discussion of Result Data Analysis
Pearson r correlations among the variables were examined through correlation analysis. Several significant correlations were noticed. Age was
associated with early menopause age r = 0.854, p 0.05, drug history r = 0.316, p 0.05, and significantly correlated with medical history r = 0.576,
p 0.01, and negatively associated with smoking habit r = -0.067, p 0.01, drinking habit r = -0.049, p 0.01, level of education r = -0.331, p
0.01 and with social class r = -0.147, p 0.05. 1.
The BMI was positively correlated with early menopause age r = 0.266, P 0.05, medical history r = 0.385, p 0.05, moderate exercise physical
activity 1 r = 0.450, P 0.05, and exercise moderate physical activity 2 r = 0.370, p 0.05 and negatively correlated with drinking habits r =
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- 0.286, p 0.05, and a smoking habit r = - 0.391, p 0.05, and vigorous exercise physical activity 3 r = - 0:26, p 0.05.
2. Social classes were positively correlated with level of education r = 0.180,
p 0.05 and drug history r = 0.347, p 0.05. 3.
Level of education was positively associated with mild exercise “physical
activity 1” r = 0.380, p 0.05 and vigorous exercise “physical activity 3” r = 0.280, p 0.05 and negatively correlated to drug usage history r = -
0.061, p 0.05. 4.
Menopause age was positively correlated with medical history r = 0.573, p 0.05 and correlated with BMD levels r = 0.110, p 0.05, drinking
habit r = 0.073, p 0.05, smoking habit r = 0.010, p 0.05, and mild exercise “physical activities 1” r = -0.310, p 0.05.
5. Medical history was positively related to the level of BMD r = 0.192, p
0.05. 6.
Smoking habit was positively associated with drinking habit r = 0.644, p 0.01
and negatively correlated with moderate exercise “physical activities 2” r = -0.350, p .05, and related to the level of BMD r = -
0.074, p 0.05. 7.
Drinking habit was negatively correlated with BMD levels r = -0.033, p .01 with mild exercise “physical activities 1” r = -0.440, p 0.01 and
moderate exercise “physical activities 2” r = -0.45, p 0.01. 8.
Drug usage history was positively early menopause age r = 0.368, p 0.05, medical history r = 0.643, p 0.05, and social class r = 0.347, p
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0.05 and negatively correlated with mild exercise “physical activity 1” r
= -0.37, p 0.05 and moderate exercise “physical activities 2” r = -0.43,
p 0.01. 9.
Mild exercise “physical activities 1” was positively associated with moderate exercise “physical exercise 2” r = 0.63, p 0.01 and vigorous
exercise “physical exercise 3” r = 0.65, p 0.01 and negatively correlated with BMD levels r = -0.51, p 0.01.
10. Moderate exercise “physical activity 2” was positively correlated with
vigorous exercise “physical activities 3” r = 0.52, p 0.01 and negatively associated with BMD levels r = -0.43, p 0.01.
The results showed that Menopause age was positively correlated with medical history, BMD levels, drinking habit, smoking habit, and negatively
correlated with mild exercise “physical activities 1”. Medical history is positively associated with BMD levels. Smoking habit was positively
associated with drinking habit and negatively correlated with moderate exercise “physical activities 2” and level of BMD. Drinking habit was
negatively correlated with BMD levels and positively correlated with mild exercise
“physical activities 1” and moderate exercise “physical activities 2”. Drug usage history was positively with early menopause age, medical history,
social class and negatively correlated with mild exercise “physical activity 1” and moderate exercise “physical activities 2”. Mild exercise “physical
activities 1” was positively associated with moderate exercise “physical exercise 2” and vigorous exercise “physical exercise 3” and negatively
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correlated with BMD levels. Moderate exercise “physical activity 2” was positively correlated with vigorous exercise “physical activities 3” and
negatively associated with BMD levels. This study indicated that there is significant relationship between physical activity and osteoporosis risk
among Malaysian women of 50 years and older. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
