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h. Drug History
Taking drug such as glucocorticoids, antiplatelets Heparin, Warferin,
antiepileptic Phenytoin,
Phenobarbital and
immunosuppressant have to be mentioned. i.
Smoking and Drinking Smoking habit can be classified as non-smoker, light smoker
with 1-4 cigarette per day, moderate smoker with 5-14 cigarette per day and heavy smoker with 15 cigarette per day. Drinking habit can also
be classified as never, light as 1.2 drinks per day, moderate as 2.2 drinks per day and heavy as 3.5 drinks per day.
3. Dependent Variable
Osteoporosis is a progressive and systemic metabolic disease characterized by a decline in bone density and strength, which therefore
increases the risk of fracture. Minimal trauma fractures are associated with increased mortality, decreased quality of life and higher health costs and
place individuals at high risk of subsequent fracture Kannus et al., 2005.
D. Research Hypothesis
Osteoporosis is higher among women of 50-65 years and older, Caucasian and Asian women, sedentary lifestyle, small body build, family
history of fractures as family history plays an important role because there is a 60-80 chance of inheriting the disease, experience of bone fragility
fracture, estrogen deficiency in pre-menopause e.g. taking gonadotropin perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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releasing hormone GnRH analogue or excess exercise, medical diseases such
as endocrine
disease Cushing‟s syndrome, hypogonadism,
hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, medical diseases renal failure, chronic liver disease, malabsorption syndromes or gastric surgery and
rheumatoid arthritis, and other factors nutrition deficiency, cancer, multiple myeloma and ontogenesis imperfect, long term usage of drug
glucocorticoids, antiplatelets Heparin, Warferin, antiepileptic Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, immunosuppressants Lau et al., 2001.
Regular physical activity plays an important role in maintaining or improving bone density for healthy bones. Exercise also increases the size,
strength and capacity of the muscles. Exercise must be regular to have a proper benefit. The bones become stronger when a certain amount of impact
or extra strain is placed on them, which means that there are specific types of exercises that are better for bone.
The current study investigates the pattern of past physical activity in 3 levels of mild, moderate and vigorous at various ages throughout life, and
evaluates the impact of physical activity on future osteoporosis. The results of the present study are expected to imply possible preventive actions that can
be taken in adulthood to decrease the likelihood of developing osteoporosis throughout the normal lifetime aging process. In conclusion, the hypothesis
of this study is moderate or vigorous physical activity at ages of 30 or 50 years increases later life BMD.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research investigates the pattern of past physical activity and the association of future osteoporosis fractures if osteoporosis risks are reduced with
lifestyle changes. Providing evidence of an association between past physical activity and osteoporosis fractures supports public health policy and health
improvement in which assist the population with affirmative actions that can prevent or reduce the likelihood of developing osteoporosis fractures.
A. Place and Time
The study is conducted in outpatient and orthopedic department of Malaysian Hospitals, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. University Malaya Medical
Center and University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center are selected as the study location. already diagnosed as osteoporotic patients visited outpatient
department or admitted to orthopedic department between December 1
st
2013 until May 1
st
2014 are taken as subjects.
B. Method of the Research
Osteoporosis is diagnosed using a BMD test, a safe and painless way to detect low bone density. DXA scans are used to measure total body composition
and fat content with a high degree of accuracy comparable to hydrostatic perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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