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physiotherapists working in the clinic to get an eventual hint of possible osteporotic vertebral osteoporosis Moayyeri et al., 2008.
Performing isometric contraction of par spinal muscles might decrease post vertebral fracture pain and oedema. Physiotherapists
should supervise osteoporotic persons to perform back strengthening exercises for instance back-ups lying prone with a pillow under the
stomach and raising the upper part of the body a bit from the surface without the support of the arms, in order to improve muscle strength,
vertebral bone mass, and to relieve back pain. Such back strengthening exercises may help to reduce the risk of further vertebral fractures
Francis et al. 2008, Hongo et al. 2007, Malmros et al. 1998, Sinaki et al. 2002.
6. Risk Factors of Osteoporosis Fracture
a.
General Risk Factors
Without a bone fracture, there may be no obvious physical evidence of osteoporosis symptoms during a medical examination. As a
consideration of public h ealth economics, it‟s not reasonable to check
every one using a bone densitometer; therefore using risk factors assessment for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures, which is easy,
comfortable and safe seems to be a more appropriate method to identify the need for further evaluation. National Osteoporosis Foundation
recommends for a BMD testing for cases as follows: current smoking, low body weight 127lb, family history of osteoporosis, personal
commit to user
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history of low trauma fracture at age 45 year, postmenopausal women age 50
–65 with risk factors for osteoporosis besides menopause, women age 65 years and older regardless of additional risk factors,
postmenopausal women who present with fractures, women considering therapy for osteoporosis if BMD testing would facilitate such decision
and finally women who have been on HRT for prolonged periods. b.
Menopausal Women‟s Risk Factors
Risk factors in menopausal women can be categorized as modifiable and non- modifiable factors. Non-modifiable risk factors are
as follow: age 65 years and older, female, Caucasian and Asian women, early menopause before age 45, women whose ovaries were
removed before menopause, small body build, family history of fractures, and experience of bone fragility fracture, while modifiable
risk factors are as follows: inadequate calcium intake, sedentary lifestyle, regular smoking, regular drinking of alcohol, regular and
excessive drinking of coffee, Body Mass Index BMI lower than 19kg, excess exercise, propensity for falling due to impaired vision and
estrogen deficiency in pre-menopause due to taking gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH analogue.
7. Osteoporosis Symptoms
