Data ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data

The writer designs a questionnaire for the students who get first until fifth rank. She gives a set of questions consisting 30 items. The test consists of five tenses and each tense has 6 questions. There are 35 students present when the writer gives the questions. In conclusion, there are 210 correct answers which are expected from each tense. So the total of data source is 1050 of five tenses. Table 1: All data source No Tenses Total 1 Simple Present 210 2 Present Continuous 210 3 Simple Past 210 4 Past Continuous 210 5 Simple Future 210 Total 1050 From the 1050 sentences which are being analyzed, there are correct sentences and incorrect sentences. There are 568 incorrect sentences becoming data which must be analyzed. Table 2: The data to be analyzed No Tenses Total 1 Simple Present 48 2 Present Continuous 100 3 Simple Past 137 4 Past Continuous 168 5 Simple Future 115 Total 568

4. 2. The kinds of Errors in Using Tenses

In this section, the writer wants to analyze the error made by the third year of SMK 7 Medan.

4.2.1 Errors of using Simple Present Tense

Table 3: Omission of Inflectional -es No Original Reconstruction 1 My little brother always cry every afternoon. My little brother cries every afternoon. From the original sentence, we can see that the students do not use inflectional –es in the verb cry. Grammatically, because my little brother is singular subject, the verb must be added by inflectional –s or –es. If a word ends in -y and if there is a consonant b,c,d,g,… before –y, we drop –y and add –ies. Cry cries The error in this sentence is called Omission because the students omit the inflectional –ies to verb cry. Table 4: Errors in Adding -es No Original Reconstruction 2 Her sister never brush her teeth every night. Her sister never brushes her teeth every night. 3 Her sister brushing her teeth every night. 4 Her sister brushs her teeth every night. The original sentences also have the same error as the sentence number one. There are 3 kinds of students’ answers. The first, It is clear that the students do not use inflectional –es in the verb brush. The second, the student use –ing form after the verb brush. The last, actually, the student has known that this word brush must be added by inflectional, but he still makes errors since they use inflectional -s in the verb brush. In order to get correct answer, we use special endings to indicate that singular form of the simple Present Tense for certain verbs. After –sh, -ch, -ss, and –x we add –es Brush brushes The error in the first original sentence is called Omission because the students omit the inflectional –es to verb brush. The parts’ errors are misinformation as the students use one grammatical form in place of another grammatical form. Table 5: Errors in Using to be auxiliary No Original Reconstruction 5 It will be often hot in summer. It is often hot in summer. 6 It will to be often hot in summer. 7 It are often hot in summer. There are 3 kinds of original sentences too. From the table, it can be seen clearly that students are lack of knowledge about nominal sentence at the field of Simple Present. In sentence number five, the students use the rule of Simple Present Future Tense in Nominal sentence, the use of will be is an error in this sentence. While, sentence number six has complicated error because it is not relevant to correct grammatical form. The last, the student uses auxiliary are in the singular pronoun. Grammatically, we use Simple Present Tense to talk about things that are true in general, and fact that were true in the past, remain true in the present and will be true in the future. It in the sentence is singular pronoun so we use auxiliary is to make the sentence true. The errors of all original sentences are called Misinformation because Misinformation is the error of using one grammatical form in place of another grammatical form. Table 6: Errors in Using to be auxiliary No Original Reconstruction 8 Diamonds will be valuables stones. Diamonds are valuable stones. 9 Diamonds were valuables stones. The students do the same errors as sentence number 5. We can see that the students use the rule of Simple Present Future Tense in Nominal sentence. While, the student uses auxiliary were in the sentence number 9. In fact, this sentence uses Simple Present Tense. In order to get correct sentence, we must use auxiliary are after subject diamonds because diamonds is plural subject. The errors of these sentences are called Misinformation because Misinformation is the error of using one grammatical form in place of another grammatical form. Table 7: Errors of Completing Question Sentence No Original Reconstruction 10 Where are she live? Where does she live? 11 Where she live? It is noticed that there are two types of the students’ answers in completing question sentence. The first type is the student uses auxiliary are in verbal question sentence. Grammatically, after W+H questions we should use auxiliary verbs. This is verbal sentence sentence which has verb and the subject is third singular, as a result we must use does after where. While the second type, the student does not use auxiliary verb after W+H questions. The error in the first original sentence is called Misinformation because Misinformation is the error of using one grammatical form in place of another, while the error in the second original sentence is Incomplete Application of Rules. In this respect, the production of negative and interrogative sentence reflects most successfully difficult. The difficulties in this direction, usually either an auxiliary verb is omitted of inversion is forgotten. Table 8: Errors in Using Auxiliary in Question Sentence No Original Reconstruction 12 How did you go to school? How do you go to school? 13 How doing you go to school? 14 How are doing you go to school? 15 How does you go to school? The original sentences become grammatically incorrect because the first original uses auxiliary did at the field of Present Tense. While, second until the fourth original do not have the right form in using auxiliary. Thus, to get correct sentence we must use auxiliary do after how because we use Simple Present Tense in this interrogative sentence. In conclusion, all the sentences’ errors are Misinformation.

4.2.2 Errors of Using Present Continuous Tense

Table 9: Omission of Auxiliary and V-ing. No Original Reconstruction 16 Shhhh, the babies sleeping. Shhhh, the babies are sleeping. 17 Shhhh, the baby are sleep. There are two types of original answers. Before explaining it, we should know what tense used in this sentence. The tense used is Present Continuous Tense because it describes actions that happening at the moment of speaking. These original sentences give errors. First types, the students do not use to be are after the subject babies. They just add verb-ing without using to be first. Grammatically, the form of present Continuous is Subject +to be + V-ing. Because the babies is the plural subject, we must use auxiliary are after the subject. Unlike the first type, in the second original answer, the students have used auxiliary are but they leave an item to be considered grammatical. They do not add –Ing after the verb sleep. These sentences’ errors are Omission. Table 10: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 18 Listen, the telephone ringing. Listen, the telephone is ringing. 19 Listen, the telephone rings. 20 Listen, the telephone is rings. 21 Listen, the telephone rang. According to the table, there are four kinds of original sentences. Unfortunately, the students give errors in answering this question. First original, the students do the same errors as what they have done in number 16. They do not use to be after the subject. Second, the student uses inflectional -s at the field of present continuous. Third, the student does complicated error which is not relevant to correct grammatical English form. Last, the student uses past verb rang at the field of present continuous tense. In order to get correct sentence, we must use auxiliary is after the subject. So, the first error of this original sentence is Omission, while the parts’ are misinformation. Table 11: Omission V-ing No Original Reconstruction 23 They are wait for us at the bus station now. They are waiting for us at the bus station now. Similar to the previous original sentence, the students do not apply the correct rule in using Present Continuous Tense. They do not add –ing after the verb of wait. The error is Omission. Table 12: Errors in Using Verb No Original Reconstruction 24 They are waits for us at the bus station now. They are waiting for us at the bus station now. The student does incorrect grammatical form because after auxiliary are they add inflectional s in the verb of wait. In order to have correct grammatical sentence, we are supposed to put are+ waiting after the subject. This sentence’s error is Misinformation. Table 13: Errors of Using –s or -es No Original Reconstruction 25 The plane flyes at this airport now. The plane is flying at this airport now. 26 The plane flies at this airport now. 27 The plane flys at this airport now. 28 The plane flyings at this airport now. There are several of original sentences. These sentences have complicated errors. The students do not recognize what tense used in a sentence. However, it is clear that tense used in this sentence is Present Continuous because now is the certain time expressions signal of the Present Continuous Tense. In addition, they use inflectional –es or –s and forget to put auxiliary before the verb. Therefore, to make the sentence true, we must use auxiliary is and add –ing after the word fly. The errors are Misinformation. Table 14: Errors in Negative Sentence No Original Reconstruction 29 The farmer do not cut the tree now. The farmer is not cutting the tree now. 30 The farmer is cutting the tree now. 31 The farmer not cutting the tree now If we look at the first original sentence above, the students do the same errors as the previous sentences. They are not capable of distinguishing well toward what tense should be used in a sentence. Grammatically, tense used in this sentence is Present Continuous Tense too. While, the second mistake is the students fail to understand that this sentence is negative; they do not use inversion not after to be. The third, the student has known that tense used is present continuous tense but he omits auxiliary is. The first error is Misinformation, while the second and third sentences’ errors are called incomplete application of Rules. In this respect, the productions of negative and interrogative sentence reflect most successfully difficult. The difficulties in this direction, usually either an auxiliary verb is omitted of inversion is forgotten. Table 15: Errors in Using auxiliary will be No Original Reconstruction 32 What will be the students doing right now? What are the students doing right now? The students do errors although this sentence is very common used in our daily conversation. They use will be at the field of Present Continuous Tense. In order to be correct grammatical form, we should use auxiliary are after question what. Thus, this error is called Misinformation. Tables 16: Omission Auxiliary in Question Sentence No Original Reconstruction 33 What the students doing right now? What are the students doing right now? This original is incorrect also because the student fails to use correct rule at the field of interrogative sentence. They do not use auxiliary after question What. The error is Incomplete Application of Rules.

4.2.3 Errors of Using Simple Past Tense

Table 17: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 34 The head master loses his books a couple weeks ago. The head master lost his books a couple weeks ago. 35 The head master losed his book a couple weeks ago. The table shows that there are two types of original sentences. First, the students use Simple Present Tense instead of using Past Tense. They are not able to recognize the time signal; a couple week ago showing the activity happened in the past time. Meanwhile, the second is incorrect because the students generalize all past verbs by adding –ed. Normally, lose is irregular verb. The correct form is lose-lost- lost. So in order to get correct sentence, we have to use lost after subject. The first error is Misinformation while the second is called Overgeneralization. Table 18: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 36 He runs in this garden 2 days ago. He ran in this garden 2 days ago. 37 He runned in this garden 2 days ago. 38 He was run in this garden 2 days ago. 39 He run in this garden 2 days ago There are four kinds of students’ answers. First and second original follow a similar pattern to sentence no 13. The third, the student does complicated error since he uses auxiliary was before the verb run. The last, the student does not use past form of run. Thus, in order to be correct grammatical form, we should put ran after the subject because run is irregular verb, so we can not add –ed to show past tense. The correct irregular form of run is run-ran-run. The second error is called Overgeneralization and the parts’ are Misinformation. Table 19: Errors in Making Negative Sentence No Original Reconstruction 40 She was not write a novel last night. She did not write a novel last night. 41 She not write a novel last night. 42 She doesn’t write a novel last night. 43 She was not wrote a novel last night. 44 She not writes a novel last night. The table shows that there are five kinds of original sentences. The sentences are incorrect grammatical form. The first original does not have the right form at the field of correct English grammatical rule. Moreover, the second original is also incorrect because the students do not use auxiliary did in the sentence. While, the writer is confused to see the third until the five original sentences since they do not have right form of correct English rule. Thus, to get correct form, we must use auxiliary did after subject she. The second error is called Incomplete Application of Rules and the parts’ are Misinformation. Table 20: Errors in Using Auxiliary in Question Sentence No Original Reconstruction 45 How are you go to Bali yesterday? How did you go to Bali yesterday? 46 How do you go to Bali Yesterday? 47 How does you go to Bali yesterday? If we look at previous original answers, we notice that the students are lack of understanding on kinds of tenses. Although it is clear that the sentence uses past tense by looking the time signal, the word yesterday. The students use wrong auxiliary in the original sentences. Therefore, in order to make correct form we should use auxiliary did after subject. The sentences’ errors are Misinformation Table 21: Errors in Using Auxiliary No Original Reconstruction 48 She is at home last night. She was at home last night. 49 She does at home last night. 50 She being at home last night The table indicates that there errors in using auxiliary in nominal sentence sentence which does not have a verb. The students fail to distinguish among tenses; they do not recognize that five weeks ago is visible signal of time indicating the activity occurred in past time. Normally, we use Past Tense in this sentence, we should use auxiliary was after subject she in order to get correct sentence. Therefore, the errors are Misinformation. Table 22: Errors in Using Auxiliary No Original Reconstruction 51 They are in Jakarta five weeks ago. They were in Jakarta five weeks ago. 52 They are be in Jakarta five weeks ago. 53 They was in Jakarta five weeks ago. 54 They being in Jakarta five weeks ago. 55 They is in Jakarta five weeks ago. Considering previous study, we might conclude that the students repeat their wrong answers because these original sentences have the same error as the previous original sentence, although there is a slightly different in using to be. This sentence uses plural subject so we must use auxiliary were after subject they in order to make correct one. So, the errors are Misinformation.

4.2.4 Errors of Using Past Continuous Tense

Table 23: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 56 When a man knocked my door, I am sleep. When a man knocked my door, I was sleeping. 57 When a man knocked my door, I sleeps. Both original sentences have complicated errors; they do not have a right rule with correct English rule. We might conclude the students think that tense used in the sentence either present continuous or present tense. In the first original sentence, the students tend to use present continuous while in the second, the students tend to use simple present tense. Grammatically, we use past continuous in this sentence because it explains for actions which were progress when something else happened. To get correct form, we should use auxiliary was + v-ing after the subject I. In conclusion, the errors are Misinformation. Tables 24: Errors in Using Present Verb No Original Reconstruction 58 You were eating when your friends phones you. You were eating when your friends phoned you. After checking all the students’ answers, I find out the mistake made by all the students in this sentence is by using present verb to answer the question. Normally, we use Past Continuous Tense in answering this question because it explains for actions which were in progress when something else happened but we can change the order of clauses. Grammatically, if dependent clause is in Past Continuous, so the independent clause is in Past Tense or otherwise. Therefore, in order to get correct sentence we must use past verb phoned after the subject your friend. In conclusion, the error of this sentence is Misinformation. Table 25: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 59 I read a short story at 7 o’clock last night. I was reading a short story at 7 o’clock last night. 60 I reading a short story at 7 o’clock last night. 61 I am reading a short story at 7 o’clock last night 62 I red a short story at 7 o’clock last night. 63 I reads a short story at 7 o’clock last night. Tense used in this sentence is Past Continuous because we use past Continuous Tense for temporary actions which continued for some time in the past, but the students make errors in answering the question because they do not use past continuous tense when answering the question. The students use present verb in the first original sentence, meanwhile in second one, they have had idea that this sentence uses continuous tense but they forget to use auxiliary was after subject I. In other words, they leave out an item that is required to be considered grammatical. The third, the student uses present continuous. Next, the student uses past verb red and the last is the student uses present verb by adding inflectional -s. The second error is Omission and the parts’ are Misinformation. Table 26: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 64 They play chess at 6.30 A.M. this morning. They were playing chess at 6.30 this morning. 65 They playing chess at 6.30 A.M this morning. 66 They were play chess at 6.30 A.M this morning. 67 They played chess at 6.30 A.M this morning. By looking through the previous explanation in table 25, we might conclude that the students make same errors. These original sentences give incorrect form in using Past Continuous Tense. The first and second original sentences follow a similar pattern to what they have done in question no 59 and 60. While, in the third original, the student has got idea that this sentence uses past continuous, yet he omits -ing form in the verb play. The last, unlike previous original, in this respect the student uses past verb. In order to get correct form, we must use auxiliary were after subject they. Thus, the first and the fourth errors are Misinformation, the second and the third are Omission. Table 27: Errors of Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 68 While we studied, they were making a lot of noise outside. . While we were studying, they were making a lot of outside. 69 They played chess at 6.30 A.M this morning. Comparing between original and reconstruction, it is clear that the students are not so careful to determine what tense should be used in a sentence. Grammatically, this sentence uses Past Continuous Tense because it expresses actions which were in progress at the same time. The original sentences give incorrect rule in the using of past continuous tense. Therefore, we should use auxiliary were + studying after subject we in order to get correct sentence. The errors are Misinformation. Table 28: Errors of Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 70 While she cleaned the floor, her baby was crying While she was cleaning the floor, her baby was crying 71 While she cleans the floor, her baby was crying. 72 She does cleaning the floor, her baby was crying Actually, this explanation is fairly similar to explanation in table 27. The only difference is in table 27 we use plural to be were but in this sentence we use singular to be was because the subject is she. In fact, in the first original, the students make the same errors as the previous sentence; they use Past Verb at the field of Past Continuous tense. In the second original, the student uses present verb and adds inflectional -s. while in the last original, the student uses incorrect grammatical rule. There is no English form which is relevant to what he has done. Therefore, this reconstruction sentence is to be was + cleaning after the subject she. The errors of all sentences are called Misinformation.

4.2.4 Errors of Using Simple Present Future Tense

Table 29: Errors in Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 73 I don’t think, it will be rain this evening I don’t think, I will rain this evening. 74 I don’t think, it will raining this evening 75 I don’t think, it will rains this evening. 76 I don’t think, it will be going to rain this evening. According to the test, the students should use rain after auxiliary will because the word rain is considered as verb in the sentence. But the fact, the students make errors in answering this sentence. There are four kinds of students’ answers. First original, they use be rain become their answers. While, in the parts of originals, the students do different errors. In the second original, the student uses - ing form, while the students use present verb in the third original, and the last one, the student makes complicated error since there is no English rule which is relevant to what he has done. The errors of all sentences are Misinformation. Table 30: Errors of Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 77 We probably will got our salary. We probably will get our salary. 78 We probably will getting our salary. 79 We probably will gets our salary. 80 We probably will gotten our salary. 81 We probably will getting our salary. All original sentences also become grammatically incorrect because this sentence normally uses Present Future Tense; we know this by understanding the usage of Present Continuous Tense such as to state a prediction or opinion about something in the future. We use verbs such as think, hope, believe, know, and be sure in the sentence with will. In order to get grammatical correct form, we must use the word get after will because auxiliary will must be followed by infinitive. The errors are called Misinformation. Table 31: Errors of Using Verbs No Original Reconstruction 82 It is going to be rain. It is going to rain. 83 It is going to rains Grammatically, we use to be going to for making report predictions about activities or events over which we have no control we can’t arrange these; so, in this sentence we use Present Future Tense also. But, the students do errors. They use be after going to. On the contrary, in this sentence the word rain is considered to be verb. While the second original, the students use present verb after going to. In order to get correct sentence, we just put the verb rain after going to. The errors are Misinformation. Table 32: Ignorance of Infinitive No Original Reconstruction 84 Scientist say that the satellite is going to fell. Scientist say that the satellite is going to fall 85 Scientist say that the satellite is going to falls. 86 Scientist say that the satellite is going to falling. 87 Scientist say that the satellite is going to fallen. 88 Scientist say that the satellite is going to be fall. By looking at this table, it can be seen clearly that these original sentences have complicated errors, because to be + going to must be followed by infinitive. While, there are several of students answers. They fail to put correct grammatical form. It might say that the students are still lack of understanding in using correct tenses. In order to get correct sentence, we just use the word fall after going to. The errors are Misinformation. Table 33: Errors in Making Nominal Sentence No Original Reconstruction 89 She is going to been patient. She is going to be patient. 90 She is going to be being patient. 91 She is going to were patient. Normally, this sentence is nominal sentence sentence which does not have a verb at the field of Present Future Tense by using going to. If a sentence just has a complement such as noun, adverb, and adjective, we use be after going to. By looking at the students’ answers in the table, we could say that they make errors in using be. The errors are called Misinformation. Table 34: Errors of Using be No Original Reconstruction 92 I will been a good lecturer. I will be a good lecturer 93 I will being a good lecturer. These original sentences also have errors of using be as the previous table. Truthfully, the question no 29 and 3o are slightly same in using be, the only difference is in question no 29, we use adjective as its complement but in this question we use noun as its complement. To get correct sentence, we just use be after auxiliary will. The errors are Misinformation too.

4.3 The Percentage of Errors in Using Tenses.