Need is one of the aspects of psychology that motivates human being in doing

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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

This part consists of theory of critical approaches used to analyze the novel. These include a psychological approach and theories of psychology with a focus on motivation that will be used to analyze Donahue’s motivation in doing plastic surgery.

2.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

According to Rohrberger and Woods 6-15 in Reading and Writing about Literature, there are five approaches that can be used to evaluate literary works. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural historical approach, mythopoeia approach, and psychological approach. These approaches are needed and very important to evaluate literary works because people who study or analyze literary works need a reasonable review when they evaluate them so they use the approaches to get that reasonable review. The critical approaches to literature help those people to understand more deeply the nature, function, and positive values of the literary works. Rohrberger states that the formalist approach involves a close and deep reading to a text. All information that is essential to the interpretation of a literary work must be found in the work itself. People do not need to get or find other information such as the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the authors life. People who use this approach just have to spend a long time 7 analyzing irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor. The biographical approach sees literary works as the reflection of an authors life and times. People focus on the ideas and personality of the author to get an understanding to the literary works. The socio-cultural historical approach takes as a reference the civilization of which the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people to analyze the works. The mythopoeia approach assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs that causes basically the same response and thinking in all people. The last one is the approach that I use to analyze and make a better understanding in studying the novel. The psychological approach, according to Guerin, employs some theories of psychology that can be used as tools to interpret the literary works 121. This theory is needed to understand the character’s motivation in the story. Remembering that it views literature through the lens of psychology, the psychological approach will help us to look deeply about the psychological motivations of the character or of the author himselfherself. Most frequently, the psychological approach uses Freudian psychology theory to study the motivation of the character, but there are also other psychology theories, such as those of Maslow and Jungian. 2.2 Theory of Psychology 2.2.1 General Theories of Motivation I apply a theory of psychology that is a theory of motivation to analyze the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing plastic surgery in this study. There are