Theory of Critical Approaches
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analyzing irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor. The biographical approach sees literary works as the reflection of an authors life and times. People focus on
the ideas and personality of the author to get an understanding to the literary works. The socio-cultural historical approach takes as a reference the civilization
of which the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people to analyze the works. The mythopoeia approach assumes that there is a collection of symbols,
images, characters, and motifs that causes basically the same response and thinking in all people.
The last one is the approach that I use to analyze and make a better understanding in studying the novel. The psychological approach, according to
Guerin, employs some theories of psychology that can be used as tools to interpret the literary works 121. This theory is needed to understand the character’s
motivation in the story. Remembering that it views literature through the lens of psychology, the psychological approach will help us to look deeply about the
psychological motivations of the character or of the author himselfherself. Most frequently, the psychological approach uses Freudian psychology theory to study
the motivation of the character, but there are also other psychology theories, such as those of Maslow and Jungian.
2.2 Theory of Psychology 2.2.1 General Theories of Motivation
I apply a theory of psychology that is a theory of motivation to analyze the motivation of Hope Donahue in doing plastic surgery in this study. There are
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many theories of motivation that exist in the psychology area, but not all of them can be used appropriately in my study. That is why I just include some of them
which are relevant to my study. Motivation is the sum of intentions, desires, goals, and needs that
influence human beings and animal behavior. People carry out an action with motive. This motive will lead them to behave in a certain way to get some goal. It
will be impossible to find the motivation of a person if behavior isn’t organized Bootzin et al 367. It is believed that some purposes guide someone’s behavior to
reach an end condition, which can be a goal or a need. Smith 282 defines motivation as an internal process that influences the
direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as an internal factor that can move human beings to maintain their effort in reaching
their goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific way that supports them in the process of reaching their goal. Therefore, motivation always
affects someone’s behavior. Caused by the motivation, a person always behaves in certain manners or some ways in order to get or gain hisher goal.
Murray, in his book Motivation and Emotion, states that the relation between motivation and behavior is important for creating motivated behavior
20. Motivated behavior is behavior that has been influenced by a certain motivation. He also says that motivation can be inferred by the aspects of
behavior such as the dominance of someone’s conversation, fantasies, and dreams 11.