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many theories of motivation that exist in the psychology area, but not all of them can be used appropriately in my study. That is why I just include some of them
which are relevant to my study. Motivation is the sum of intentions, desires, goals, and needs that
influence human beings and animal behavior. People carry out an action with motive. This motive will lead them to behave in a certain way to get some goal. It
will be impossible to find the motivation of a person if behavior isn’t organized Bootzin et al 367. It is believed that some purposes guide someone’s behavior to
reach an end condition, which can be a goal or a need. Smith 282 defines motivation as an internal process that influences the
direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as an internal factor that can move human beings to maintain their effort in reaching
their goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific way that supports them in the process of reaching their goal. Therefore, motivation always
affects someone’s behavior. Caused by the motivation, a person always behaves in certain manners or some ways in order to get or gain hisher goal.
Murray, in his book Motivation and Emotion, states that the relation between motivation and behavior is important for creating motivated behavior
20. Motivated behavior is behavior that has been influenced by a certain motivation. He also says that motivation can be inferred by the aspects of
behavior such as the dominance of someone’s conversation, fantasies, and dreams 11.
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2.2.2 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s theory about the motivation of human beings can be applied to most of the aspects of individual life and social life. This supposition is
needed and important for making a good and relevant theory of motivation. This is a supposition that we must know and remember. An individual is a whole in
which things are solid and arranged. It is strange and unusual if a conscious desire only possesses one motivation. In other words, it is the whole of the individual
that is moved by the motivation, not only a part of that individual. For example if a person feels hungry, it is the whole of herhim which feels the hunger. It is the
person who wants food to be eaten, not only hisher stomach. Most of the desires and stimuli in a person or individual are connected to
each other. This does not occur for fundamental necessities such as the feeling of hungry, but it occurs obviously for complex necessities such as love. Human
beings are motivated by a number of basic necessities that have the same characteristics in all species. Those necessities are not only physiological, but also
psychological. One important thing in this theory that can help the study of this novel is
people do not need to fulfill one need fully then they will feel another need. All the needs come together at the same time, but they will choose one as the priority
based on the level of the need and they will be pushed to do something to fulfill it. After the need is slightly fulfilled, they will feel another need and do something
again to fulfill it.
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Abraham Maslow clarifies motivation in relation with human needs. He states that there are seven needs that motivate human activities. Those needs are
physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, needs to know and understand, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs 69-77.
2.2.2.1 Physiological Needs
The basic, strongest, and clearest thing from all of human’s needs is the need to defend their life physically. That need is the need to eat, drink, get a place
to stay, sleep, breathe, and have sex. If there is a situation where a person needs something at the same time such as food, love, and power, heshe will choose to
get some food firse. This person will push other needs down until heshe fulfills hisher physiological needs.
Maslow says that even though all those physiological needs can be identified more easily than other needs that are in high level, these needs cannot
be treated as a separated phenomenon that stands alone. The example is if a person thinks that heshe is hungry, heshe can also need love, safety, or other
needs at the same time. Thus various needs of human beings are connected each other.
After all human physiological needs are fulfilled, what will happen next? Maslow answers that other needs will appear immediately, then these needs will
dominate the individual. The next step after these needs are fulfilled is that other new needs, which are in higher level than before, will appear again and again.
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This will happen continuously. Human beings will always want something their whole life.
2.2.2.2 Safety Needs
Safety needs will take place immediately after all the physiological needs are fulfilled. The best way to understand these needs is watching children closely,
because usually safety needs have been fulfilled in a healthy and normal adult. Children psychologists or teachers find that children need a predictable world.
Children like consistency and routine within certain limitations. They will feel worried and insecure if these elements can not be found by them in their life.
Children will prefer to have limited freedom rather than being allowed to do anything. This limited freedom is needed for children, so they can develop
properly. An insecure person has an excessive need of regularity and stability;
heshe will work hard to avoid strange and unexpected things. A normal and healthy person also wants stability in hisher life, but this thing will not be as
important as happen in neurotic people.
2.2.2.3 Belonging and Love Needs
After the physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the next is the needs of love, affection, and the feeling of loving and to be loved. People will hope for a
loving relationship with others. They will fight hard to get this .
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The word love here cannot be mixed with the word sex, which can be assumed as a physiological need. Love is the feeling where someone is
understood deeply and accepted with all one’s heart and soul. The idea that love comes from sex is a big mistake. This can also be associated with the superficial
thought that heart gentleness is a form of sexuality which is obstructed. Maslow finds that the growth and development of a person’s ability will be obstructed
without love in the reality. Many nurses often find that babies need love. Many psychopathology bachelors consider that the main reason for people having a
failed adaptation is the unfulfilled need of love. Maslow’s opinion about love concerns a good relationship which is full of
love between two people and the condition where those two people trust each other. There is no need to be worried and their entire defenses will be destroyed in
a true relationship. Usually love will be broken if one of the two people, who love each other, worries if hisher weakness and mistakes are revealed. The feeling
where people think that they are not appreciated by others is not the real reason for the broken love but it is more because the feeling of fear. People worry that
others can see the inside of us or our mask. This makes people avoid love, have shallow friendships, underestimating others because they worry that others will
appreciate them too highly. The need of love actually covers giving and getting love.
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2.2.2.4 Esteem Needs
Maslow finds that everyone has two categories of need for honor. They are self-esteem and honor from others. Self-esteem covers the needs of self-
confidence, competency, self-control, achievement, and freedom. Honor from others covers prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, and status. People who
have adequate self-esteem will be more confident, capable, and productive. On the contrary, they will feel inferior if they don’t have enough confidence. This will
lead them into a desperate feeling and a neurotic behavior. A stable and healthy self-esteem grows from a normal honor given by others; it does not grow from
well-known name, majesty, or meaningless praise.
2.2.2.5 Needs to Know and Understand
Maslow believes that a healthy mental characteristic is the desire to know and understand. The claim that this kind of need is characteristic of the entire
species is supposed by the following explanation. 1.
The feeling to know usually shows up in behavior of beings. 2.
History provides many examples of people who struggle hard to search knowledge, for example Galileo and Columbus.
3. The results of psychological research into adults shows that they are
interested in secrets. 4.
Maslow’s experiences show many cases where adult people gradually suffer a feeling of boredom, get depression, and finally hate themselves.
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This phenomenon is experienced by smart people who live by doing nothing. This action will kill their intelligence and cause into depression.
5. Children have a natural instinct to know about what is around them.
6. Many people report that studying and finding something can bring
satisfaction and happiness.
2.2.2.6 Aesthetic Needs
Maslow’s research shows that bad thing brings boredom and weakens spirit. Everyone needs aesthetic that can make people healthier. The aesthetic
needs connect to the picture of themselves. This aesthetic need is also found in almost of healthy children everywhere. Maslow says that the fact about people
need aesthetic can be found in every culture and almost in every era.
2.2.2.7 Self-actualization Needs
Everyone has to grow with hisher entire ability. The explanation about psychological needs to arouse, develop, and use people’s ability is called self-
actualization. Self-actualization is described as the using and employing of all the ability, capacity, and potency to be a complete human being. People, who have
been actualized, will do the best that they can do. Based on Maslow’s research, self-actualization can only be found in old people around sixty years old or more.
That age is considered as the top condition or the end condition; so many people are not in this category. They are not stable and still on their way to find who they
are.
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The general characteristic of people who have been actualized is their ability to see their life clearly and truly. They are not emotional and think
objectively about the result of their observation. They have an ability to evaluate others exactly and to detect dissimulation. This kind of person is firm in holding
their principle about something which is right or wrong. They are also low profile and want to listen to others’ opinion patiently. They are willing to admit that they
do not know everything and have to learn many things from others. Maslow finds that people who have been actualized dedicate their life to
their tasks, job, duty, or other important vocations. They are hard workers and assume that working can bring happiness and enjoyment. They are happy when
helping others using their ability. They want to be useful for their environment, because by helping others they also help themselves.
Creativity is also a universal characteristic of self-actualization. It is about spontaneity, courage, openness, and modesty. Creativity requires courage and
ability to ignore scorn and negative critique from surrounding people. Their courage helps them to be brave in making mistake, so they can always make an
improvement in doing their task and activity. They are also flexible and able to adjust if the condition changed.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The theories that are explained in the previous part are useful to analyze the problem formulated in the problem formulation, and to help me understand the
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whole story in the novel. The analysis section, I use some theories: theories of critical approach and theories of motivation.
The theory of psychological approach is used as a tool to analyze the main character. The theory of psychology that I employ to analyze the motivation of
Hope Donahue is motivation theory developed by Abraham Maslow. This theory is also called theory of hierarchy needs. This theory will help me to analyze all the
needs of Hope Donahue that motivate her to do plastic surgery then divide them into each level in the hierarchy needs.
