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A words is a bundle of meaning components, the translator needs to be able to analyze the lexical items words of the source text in order to translate
them. Dictionaries unpack the meanings of wor ds. That’s why a good
translator will use all the dictionaries and lexicon available in his study of the source language text. Since language combine meanings differently, there will
be many words which will not have an exact one word equivalent in the receptor language. Larson, 1988:59.
2.2.4. Word Classes
In English there are some word classes namely : noun, verb, adjective, adverb and pronoun. In English word classes is very important. All of them
will be explained below.
A. The Understanding of Noun :
According to Richard 1990 : 4 in his book entitled Learning About Nouns, Pronouns and Adjective. A noun is a word that names a person,
place or thing object animal, idea, action, quality, feeling or event. The term “noun” means “name”.
The example of nouns are : child, mother, school, nursery, company, diaper, profit, fear, happiness, etc.
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A.1 Proper Noun
In relation to this, Richard 1990:5 in his book states that : A proper noun is a word that names a specific person, place, or thing and
always begins with a capital letters. Example : Adam, Eve, Tigris, Ary, Mary.
A.2 Common Noun
We see from Richard 1990:5 in his book states that : A common noun is a word that names any kind of person, place, or thing. A
common noun never begins with a capital letters except at the beginning of a sentence or when used with a proper noun. Examples of common noun : man,
woman, river, lake, city, day, month, quarterback, battleship, etc.
A.3 Singular and Plural
According to Quirk 1973 : 83-84 states that : Variable nouns have two forms, singular and plural, the singular being the
form listed in dictionaries. The vast majority of nouns are variable in this way and normally the plural -s suffix is fully predictable both in sound and
spelling by the same rules as for the –s inflection of verb. Spelling created
numerous exceptions, however. a
Treatment of-y : Beside the regular spy-spies, there are nouns in
–y to which s is added : with proper nouns : the Kennedys, the two Germany
after a vowel except the u of –guy : days, boys, journeys
in a few other words such as stand-bys.
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b Nouns of unusual form sometimes pluralize in ‘s :
letter names : dot your i’s numerals :
in the 1980’s or, increasingly, 1890s abbreviations : two MP’s or, increasingly, MPs
c Noun in –o have plural in –os, with some exceptions having either
optional or obligatory –oes
Plurals in –os and –oes : archipelago, banjo, buffalo, cargo, commando,
flamingo, halo, motto, tornado, volcano. Plurals only in
–oes : echo, embargo, hero, negro, potato, tomato, torpedo, veto.
B. The Understanding of Verb
Every sentence must have a subject and a predicate, and every predicate must have a verb. The verb is the heart of predicate.
Verb is a word that express action, condition, or state of being it tells what is happening, what is or what seems to be. Richard, 1991:4
According to Quirk 1973:26-27 in his book he states that : Many English verbs have five forms : the base, the
–s form, the past, the – ing participle, and the
–ed participle.
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Form Symbol
Examples Functions
1 base
V call
rink put
a all the present tense except 3
rd
person singular : Iyouwethey call every day
b imperative : Call at once
c subjunctive : He demanded that
she call and see him. d
The bare infinitive : He may call; and the to-infinitive : He
wants her to call 2
–s form 3
rd
person singular
present V-s
calls drinks
puts 3
rd
person singular present tense : HeSheit calls every day
3 past
V-ed
1
called drank
put Past tense : He called yesterday
4 –ing
participle present
participle V-ing
calling drinking
putting a
Progressive aspect be+V-ing : He’s calling in a moment.
b in-ing participle clauses :
Calling early, I found her at home
5 –ed
Participle past
Participle V-ed
2
called drank
put a
Perfective aspect have+V-ed
2
: He has drunk the water
b Passive voice be + V-ed
2
: He is called Jack
c in-ed participle clauses : Called
early, he had quick breakfast
C. The Understanding of Adjective
Pretend that you are going to meet your friend that you never seen for a couple of years. You are talking to him on the telephone and describing
your self to him so he can recognize you in crowd, in order to give a clear picture of what you look like you must use adjective. According to
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Richard, 1990 : 23 an adjective is a word that is use to describe a noun or a pronoun.
Examples : Your daughter is pretty.
I have something interesting for you. D.
The Understanding of Adverb.
In order to tell others what you see, hear, feel, smell, taste, or think, you must use verbs. Then, if you want to give a clear description of each
action, you will need to use adverbs. An adverbs is a word that tells something about a verb, an adjective, or an
another adverb. Richard, 1991:21. Examples :
That was a very funny. She has a really beautiful face.
According to Richard, 1991:22 there are six kinds function of adverbs.
D.1 Some adverbs modify verbs.
These adverbs tell how, when, where, or how many times the action takes
place. Example : a They acted wisely. “Wisely” tells how they acted.
D.2 Some adverbs modify adjectives.
These adverbs tell how little, how much, or to what degree. Examples : a
That is a very expensive ring. “Very” suggest how much that ring cost.
D.3 Some adverbs modify another adverbs.
These adverbs also tell how much or how little. Example : The frightened dog ran away very quickly. “Very” modifies the adverbs “quickly” by telling how
quickly the dog ran away.
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D.4 Some adverbs ask question Adverbs that ask a question are called interrogative adverbs. They are how,
when, where, and why. They are used to ask questions. Example : a How
are you feeling?
D.5 Some adverbs affirm or deny Yes, absolutely, certainly, truly, surely
are affirmative adverbs. These adverbs may stand alone when used to answer a question : Do you plan to go?
Answers : Yes, absolutely, certainly. Each means “I plant to go”.
No and not are negative adverbs. No may stand alone when used to answer a
question. Question : Do you plant to go ? Answer : No. This means “I do not plant to go.
D.6 Some adverbs joined clauses together
Adverbs that joined clauses together are called together “conjunctive” adverbs. Examples : after, before, consequently, since, therefore, until, when,
whenever, and wherever.
E. The understanding of pronoun
According to Richard, 1990:16 a pronoun is a word that takes the place of noun. We use pronoun rather than repeating nouns again and
again. There are five major classes of pronouns Richard, 1990:16-22 :
E.1 Personal pronun
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its form the “person” of the noun
it replaces. Examples : I, you, he, my, our, your, his, her, its and their.
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E.2 An indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not specify its antecedent. Often its antecedent is unknown. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, examples :
another, anybody, anyone, etc. Other indefinite pronouns are plural, examples :
both, few, many, all, several. E.3 A relative pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which connect its antecedent with a group of
words which give more information about it. The relative pronouns are : that, which, who, whom,
and whose. E.4 An interrogative pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question, like : what, which, who, whom,
and whose. E.5 A demonstrative pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun which points out a person, place or thing.
There are only four demonstrative pronouns : this, that, these, those.
2.2.5 The Understanding of Active and Passive Voice
