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E.2 An indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not specify its antecedent. Often its antecedent is unknown. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, examples :
another, anybody, anyone, etc. Other indefinite pronouns are plural, examples :
both, few, many, all, several. E.3 A relative pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which connect its antecedent with a group of
words which give more information about it. The relative pronouns are : that, which, who, whom,
and whose. E.4 An interrogative pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question, like : what, which, who, whom,
and whose. E.5 A demonstrative pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun which points out a person, place or thing.
There are only four demonstrative pronouns : this, that, these, those.
2.2.5 The Understanding of Active and Passive Voice
In English, voice is the arrangement of words in a sentence to show the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb, Transitive
verb have two voice : a active voice, b passive voice. a
If the subject of a sentence acts upon an object, the verb is in the active
voice : Example of active voice : “John kicked the ball”. In this sentence,
John is the subject, kicked is the verb, and the ball is the object. The verb is
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kicked is in active voice because the subject John acted upon the object ball. Richard,1991 :8
b If the subject of a sentence receives the action, the verb is the passive
voice. Example : “The ball was kicked by John”. In this sentence, the verb
kicked is the passive voice because the subject is being acted upon. Richard, 1991 :8
In English, the passive voice is formed by by placing some form of the ve
rb “be “is, “was, “etc in front of the main verb of a verb phrase. The main verb in the passive voice takes on the past participle form the verb plus “ed”
or “en” for examples : Active Voice
: Tina wrote a letter.
Passive Voice : A letter was written by Tina.
Active Voice : Amy solved the puzzle.
Passive Voice : The puzzle was solved by Amy.
Richard, 1991:8
2.2.6 The Understanding of Clause and Phrase
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a clause that may stand alone as a simple sentence :
Example : I let you out of Egypt. Richard, 1991 :23
A dependent clause is a clause that depends on another clause for its complete meaning. Example : “When you were slaves” Richard, 1991:23.
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Even though this clause contains a subject You and the predicate were slaves, its meaning is not complete until is joined to an independent clause.
So the sentence beco
me : “I led you out of Egypt when you were slave”.
Phrase is a group of words which can not be analyzed into subject and verb.
Kinds of Phrase
In English there are five of kinds of phrase they are : Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase.
A. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase is a phrase in which the noun is as the head. Example : John Found a new secretary in his office.
A new secretary is categorized as noun phrase.
B. Verb Phrase
Verb Phrase consist of either a noun verb or more.
Example : She writes several letters everyday. She is writing a long letters
home.
Writes and is writing are belong to the verb phrase.
C. Adjective Phrase
A phrase in which adjective is as the head is called adjective phrase. Example :
That’s is very important.
Adjective phrase can function as a subject and objectcomplement.
Example : She looks quite young. We found the place absolutely delightful.
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D. Adverb Phrase
Adverb phrase is a phrase in which the adverb as the head.
Example : We had to drive very slowly.
Most of the adverb phrase function as adverbial.
E. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase is a phrase which consist of preposition followed by a prepositional complement which is usually a noun phrase or clause.
Examples : There will be 1400 delegates at the conference
: By singing the treaty both nations have made an effort
towards peace
2.2.7 The Understanding of Sentence Structure
