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c Finding the connotative meanings of the grammatical structure and semantics
units.
2.2.2 Kinds of Translation
Translation is a complex problem for many people because when he translates a text he should keep the original meaning of the text. He can add or
omit a word when he translates a text but he can’t change the meaning.
In the translation process usually a word has its own meaning itself like general meaning, specific meaning and idiomatic meaning. This meaning also
influence the translation when he translate a text. According to Larson 1988:17 there are two kinds of translation : literal
translation and idiomatic translation.
2.2.2.1 Literal Translation
Form – based translation attempt to follow the form of the source
language and are known as literal translation. An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. For some purpose, it is desirable to reproduce the
linguistic features of the source text, as for example, in linguistic study of language. Although these literal these literal translation may be very useful for
purposes related to the study of the source language, they are of little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source
language text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has a little communication value Larson:1998:17.
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Example : Chauve Papua New Guiena
: Ken daro Literal Translation
: your name call Larson, 1998 : 17.
2.2.2.2 Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in a choice of lexical items. A truly
idiomatic translation does not sounds like a translation. It sounds likes it was written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good translator will try to
translate idiomatically. This is his goal. However, translation are often mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of
the meaning of the text. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural forms and then
in other parts fall back into a literal form Larson : 1984 : 18-19. French
: Madame Odette, passager a destination de Dduala est demandee au telephone.
English : Mrs. Odette, passenger for Dauala, you are wanted on
the phone. Larson, 1988 :18. Depending on the purpose of translation we can distinguish types of
translation Margono, 1994:4.
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1. Morpheme by morpheme translation.
SL : Who has been living with ? TL : Siapa telah dia hidup sedang dengan ?
Lexical morpheme hidup in the translation is presented differently from grammatical morphemes. In this case, since morpheme may most probably have
no corresponding form in the receptor language, morpheme is often given explanation about its function rather than its equivalent in the receptor language.
We are here not concerned with translation in the normal of the word, it is term gloss.
2. Word by word translation
SL : Who has been living with ? TL : Siapa telah dia tinggal dengan ?
The word been in this example is left untranslated because it has no corresponding form.
3. Sentence by sentence translation
SL : Who has been living with ? TL : Dengan siapa dia tinggal ?
In this case a sentence is here considered as a unit of grammatical structure, not as a text. It is without contexts, it often cannot be translated satisfactorily.
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4. Contextual translation
Relating to its context a possible translation of this sentence might be like this: SL : Who has been living with ?
TL : Selama ini dengan siapa ia tinggal di sana ? To make the sentence fit the context better for example, add selama ini to the
beginning of the sentence and di sana to the sentence and di sana to the end of the sentence.
2.2.3 Understanding of Meaning
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