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personality and psychological wellbeing were the most influential of the determinants in supporting parental functioning. Single parent is usually
considered the primary caregiver, meaning the parent the children have residency with the majority of the time.
Behavior change is often a goal for staff working directly with constituents, organizations, governments, or communities. Individuals charged
with this task can be thought of as “interventionists” whose goal it is to design and implement programs or interventions that produce the desired behavioral changes.
Another definition of Single-parent familie s
are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is widowed or divorced and not remarried, or by a
parent who has never married, Encyclopedia of Single parent families2014.
3.1 Effects of Single Parent Family
There are many researcher stated about the effect of children in single parent family. According to Thomson et al. 1994 who find that the cognitive
disadvantage of children in one-parent families largely disappears when family complete. Ginther and Pollack 2004 stated that children from one-parent
families display lower cognitive development than their peers from two-parent families, but that this effect disappears when family income is included as a
control. as cited in Encyclopedia of Childrens Health 2014, p.1. Similarity, Baxter et al. 2011 who use data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian
Children LSAC. Prior to controlling for child background variables, children living in two-parent families had better emotional outcomes than children living
in one-parent families. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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personal characteristics, children from single-parent families continued to display lower emotional development.
4. Children Development Stages
Children development that occurs from birth to adulthood are largely ignored throughout much of history. Children are often viewed simply as small
versions of adults and little attention is paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occur during childhood and
adolescence. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure genetically inherited and evolved on which all subsequent learning and
knowledge is based. According to Freud 1915, children development is described as a series of psychosexual stages. In Three Essays on Sexuality,
Freud 1915 outlines these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a libidinal desire and can later play a role in
adult personality. If a child does not successfully complete a stage, Freud 1915 suggested that he or she would develop a fixation that would later influence adult
personality and behavior. Erikson 1959 believed that each stage of development focuses on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the
adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity.
a. Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson 1959 said the first psychological crisis occurs during the first year. In this stage infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To
resolve these feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. If the care that infant receives is
