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Conflict appears when there is a struggle between two independent parties because they cannot fulfill two or more mutual actions altogether. It happens
whenever incompatible activities occur.Similarly, Hocker and Wilmot 1985 define conflict as an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent
parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare rewards, and interference from the other parties in achieving their goals
According to Gaffar and Khan 2012, there are five major types of conflicts including intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, intergroup, and
organizational levels. From the five types of conflict, a brief detailed information about intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts is discussed further. According to
Gaffar and Khan 2012, intrapersonal conflict arises because of multifarious reasons within an individual. This conflict that happens within an individual
indicates the presence of different ideas, opposing feelings, and activities. It causes stress, anxiety, uncertainty, hesitation, and depression. In contrast,
interpersonal conflict represents conflicts between two individuals. In other words, this conflict occurs between two independent parties. Interpersonal conflict
always presents in groups because individuals differ in terms of values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. For instance, interpersonal conflict appears because of
disagreement to achieve individuals’ goals.
1. Conflict Resolution
Conflicts often appear regularly in human life. It makes sense that people have to deal with conflicts. People have to develop strategies to deal with
conflicts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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McCollum 2009 states that conflicts can be managed in six ways. The first is avoidance. A person can use this strategy to steer clear of conflicts, for any
number of reasons. The person can decide that the confrontation proves more troubles that are worth. The second is independent action. This approach involves
the other side starting a conflict with little or no effort to communicate with the other sides. It often involves violence, illegal acts, or both. Independent action is
almost and always a bad idea. The third is negotiation. Negotiation consists of different sides talking one-on-one to try to work out resolution.
The fourth is mediation. This strategy is similar to negotiation. The difference is that an outside party as a mediator takes part. The mediator makes no decisions,
but helps smooth the communication between the sides of conflict. The fifth is arbitration. Arbitration involves an outside party taking part discussions. An
arbitrator makes judgment about how the conflict should be resolved. The last is litigation. Litigation is the use of legal system to settle a dispute.
There are several ways to handle conflict based on its types that are faced. Kasschau 2003 proposes four types of intrapersonal conflict situation and how
they are resolved. The first one is approach-approach type. An individual must choose between two alternative. To deal with this type of conflict, the individual
decides which goals that he or she wants to approach. An approach-approach conflict is a conflict in name only. It does not produce great deal of stress because
both choices are satisfying. The second is avoidance-avoidance type. The type occurs when an individual confronts two unattractive alternatives. Therefore, the
