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The children peers group will grain greater significance and will become a major source of the children self-esteem. The children now feel the need to win
approval by society and begin develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to
feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, it is restricted by parents or teachers, then the children begins
to feel inferior, doubted of his own abilities and therefore they may not reach their potential.
e. Identity vs. Role Confusion
In these stages are adolescences in aged 12 to 18 years old, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more
independent, and begin to look at the future in term of career, relationships, families and housing. They want to belong to society and fit in.
This is a major stage in development where the children have to learn the roles. They will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that adolescent will re-
examine his or her identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. Erikson 1959, suggest that two identities are involved: the sexual and occupational.
Erikson 1959 claims that the adolescent may feel uncomfortable about their body for a while until they can adapt and grow into changes.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their exploration. Failure to establish a sense
of identity within society and role confusion involves the individuals not being PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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sure about themselves or their place in society in response to role confusion or identity crisis an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles.
Adolescent may curious about something happen around their environment and the changes of their body.
f. Intimacy vs. Isolation
In these stages begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. People explore relationship leading towards longer term commitments with
someone other than a family member. Successful completion of these stages can lead to a comfortable
relationship and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationship can lead to isolation,
loneliness, and even depression.
g. Generativity vs. Stagnation
This is stage for people in middle adulthood around ages 40 to 65 years old. They establish their careers, settle down within a relationship begin our own
families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. People in this stages will back to society through raising children, being productive at work and
becoming involved in community activities and organizations.
h. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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In these stages for people around ages of 65 years old above. People in this stages become senior citizens, they tend to slow down our productivity, and
explore life as a retired person. It is during this time they contemplate their accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if they see themselves as
leading a successful life. Erikson 1959 believes if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilty about past or feel that we did not accomplish life goals
and become dissatisfied with life and develop despair often leading to depression and hopelessness.
5. Conflict Theory
The research includes the theory of conflict. This theory includes the conflict and the conflict resolution. The first part discusses the definition and
types of conflict. Meanwhile, the second part, which is the conflict resolution, focuses on interpersonal conflict resolutions.
a. Conflict
According to Kasschau 2003, psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental process. When applied to humans, psychology covers
everything that people think, feel, and do. Since the unconscious motivation and conflicts are responsible for human behavior. Therefore, conflict can be
considered as a psychological aspect of human being Kasschau, 2003. According to Insenhart and Spangle 2000, conflict is as an exposed struggle
between at least two independent parties that perceive incompatible goals and inadequate resources and intrusion from another party in obtaining their goals.
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Conflict appears when there is a struggle between two independent parties because they cannot fulfill two or more mutual actions altogether. It happens
whenever incompatible activities occur.Similarly, Hocker and Wilmot 1985 define conflict as an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent
parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare rewards, and interference from the other parties in achieving their goals
According to Gaffar and Khan 2012, there are five major types of conflicts including intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, intergroup, and
organizational levels. From the five types of conflict, a brief detailed information about intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts is discussed further. According to
Gaffar and Khan 2012, intrapersonal conflict arises because of multifarious reasons within an individual. This conflict that happens within an individual
indicates the presence of different ideas, opposing feelings, and activities. It causes stress, anxiety, uncertainty, hesitation, and depression. In contrast,
interpersonal conflict represents conflicts between two individuals. In other words, this conflict occurs between two independent parties. Interpersonal conflict
always presents in groups because individuals differ in terms of values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. For instance, interpersonal conflict appears because of
disagreement to achieve individuals’ goals.
1. Conflict Resolution
Conflicts often appear regularly in human life. It makes sense that people have to deal with conflicts. People have to develop strategies to deal with
conflicts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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McCollum 2009 states that conflicts can be managed in six ways. The first is avoidance. A person can use this strategy to steer clear of conflicts, for any
number of reasons. The person can decide that the confrontation proves more troubles that are worth. The second is independent action. This approach involves
the other side starting a conflict with little or no effort to communicate with the other sides. It often involves violence, illegal acts, or both. Independent action is
almost and always a bad idea. The third is negotiation. Negotiation consists of different sides talking one-on-one to try to work out resolution.
The fourth is mediation. This strategy is similar to negotiation. The difference is that an outside party as a mediator takes part. The mediator makes no decisions,
but helps smooth the communication between the sides of conflict. The fifth is arbitration. Arbitration involves an outside party taking part discussions. An
arbitrator makes judgment about how the conflict should be resolved. The last is litigation. Litigation is the use of legal system to settle a dispute.
There are several ways to handle conflict based on its types that are faced. Kasschau 2003 proposes four types of intrapersonal conflict situation and how
they are resolved. The first one is approach-approach type. An individual must choose between two alternative. To deal with this type of conflict, the individual
decides which goals that he or she wants to approach. An approach-approach conflict is a conflict in name only. It does not produce great deal of stress because
both choices are satisfying. The second is avoidance-avoidance type. The type occurs when an individual confronts two unattractive alternatives. Therefore, the
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most possible way to solve it is to either leave the conflict or choose one better alternative over the others.
The third is approach-avoidance type. An individual who wants to do something but has fears or doubts or is repulsed by it at the same time is
experiencing an approach-avoidance conflict. The resolution of this conflict is often very difficult and depends generally on the person’s finding added reason to
choose one alternative over the other. The fourth is a double approach-avoidance conflict. An individual must choose between two goals or more alternatives, each
of which has attractive and unattractive aspects. In other words, this type concerns with choosing one goal and as a consequence in giving up the other goals.
Adler and Towne 1990: 376-380 propose three manners of taking the decision to do or not to do something in interpersonal conflict. The first manner is
win-lose problem solving in which the party gets what shehe wants while another party is not. Therefore, there will only be one satisfied party. The second manner
is lose-lose in which neither side is satisfied with the decision. The third manner is win-win. It is aimed to satisfy both parties. It does not involve compromise in
which one should give up something or find the most correct solution for everybody with similar problem, but it works when the individual can find the
right answer to the problem.
B. Theoretical Framework
According to Erikson 2012, he believes that each stage of development focuses on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent
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period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. And Percy Jackson was in the stages of Identity vs. Role Confusion for 12-18 years old. In this stages he
is in social relationship that he wants to know other world outside house and he started explore the social world. Percy is a teenager, in this stages also teens need
to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Percy starts to know himself and who is he. It is because many things
strange happened around him and he cannot control his emotion or cannot concentrate well in the class. The writer chooses this theory because his suitable
for the research and Erickson 2012, gives clear explanation about children stage I range age on 12-18 years old.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the method of the study and it will be divide into three parts. They are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the
study.
A. Object of Study
This object of this study was the main character in Percy Jackson and Lightning Thief novel. The subject of this thesis was Percy Jackson and
Lightening Thief novel by Rick Riordan. Richard Russell Riordan Jr. better known as Rick Riordan is The New York Times bestselling American author of
the Percy Jackson and Olympians series. Born on June 5, 1964, Rick Riordan grew up in Texas. The writer really like this sequel novel actually this novel
comes into 5 series. Riordans as the writer successfully brought the readers into the Percy’s and friend journey. The categorized of this novel was fiction. The
number of the page of the novel were 376 pages Percy is the main character in this novel. He is a son of Poseidon, God of the
ocean. He lives with his mother and stepfather. Percy never know his real father since he was a baby. It is because Poseidon left him since he was a baby. Because
of Percy is a son of Poseidon, he inherit his father’s strength and ability. He isa demigod because his mother is a human and his father is a god. When he goes to
school in the first time, he suffered from ADHD and Dyslexia. He can moves to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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one school and another school because of the violence, he could not concentrate, and read well. All of this can happen because he do not have complete family, he
never know his father and also do not like his step father. He has bad tempered when he facing his step father. And then he really hates his father because he
never know him.
B. Approach of Study
In this thesis the writer used psychological approach. It was from the critical approach by Rohrberger and Wood 1971. This critical approach is divided into
five, namely formalist approach, biographical approach, socio cultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychology approach. The reason using
psychological approach, was because the researcher wanted to examine Percy’s character in the novel. He lived with his mother and his step father but he never
knew his real father at the first. In psychological critics view works through the lens of psychology. Their looks either the psychological motivations of the
character or of the author themselves, although the former is considered a more respectable approach. According to Freudian approach in psychology, there are
three type of psychological approach. They are id pleasure principle in the unconscious, Super ego repository of consciencepride that protect society, and
ego the governing agent of the unconscious that protect the individual. Freudian theory related to human behavior derives from libidosexual energy.
1. Advantages: A useful tool for understanding some works, in which
characters manifest clear psychological issues. Like the biographical PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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approach, knowing something about a writer’s psychological makeup can give us insight into his work.
2. Disadvantages: Psychological criticism can turn a work into little more than
a psychological case study, neglecting to view it as a piece of art. Critics sometimes attempt to diagnose long dead authors based on their works,
which is perhaps not the best evidence of their psychology. Critics tend to see sex in everything, exaggerating this aspect of literature. Finally, some
works do not lend themselves readily to this approach.
C. Method of Study
The method of this thesis is the writer using library studies. The researcher used the Rick Riordan’s novel as the main research and other books to support the
research thesis such as, the book entitled Children Stages Development and some sources from internet.
There were two steps that the writer did. The first step was the researcher read the novel until the end to understanding the novel. Before the researcher read the
novel, the researcher watched the movie first. But in the movie cannot provide accurate data that the writers needed. And then create two problem formulation.
After reading the novel, the researcher read again to collect the important data from the novel. The writer highlighted and underlined the data related to the
problem formulation. And the last step was analyzing the data that the researcher collected from the novel to solve the research problems
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CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the characterization of Percy Jackson as the major character in the Percy Jackson and Lighting Thief novel. The
discussion of this chapter is divided into two parts based on the problem formulation. The first part is the discussion of Percy Jackson characterization and
the supporting characters. The second part is the reasons why he hates his real father.
A. Characterization of Percy Jackson
Percy is the main character of this novel. He is a trouble kid who always makes his school life ruin. He is twelve years old. He is a boarding student at
Yancy Academy for a trouble kids in upstate New York p.1. Percy has dyslexia and attention deficit disorder. He never makes above C- in his school life. Percy
lives with his mother and his step father. He never meets his original father since a baby. His mother tell him that his father have to leave them because his father
have something important to do. Because he never meet his father, he really hates his father. Percy claims that if his father never leaves him and his mother, they
will have a good life. It is because Percy and his mother have to live with his step father that never really cares about his existence. Beside his background of Percy
family, he has many struggles after he knows the truth about his father. The fact is Percy’s son of Poseidon. His father is a god of the sea and one of the big three god
