18 Still, the fourth type of the intrapersonal conflicts is a double approach-
avoidance conflict. It involves an individual to choose between two goals, each of which has the positive and negative aspects. Each action to attain the goal has also
both the positive and negative consequences associated with it. The second type of double approach-avoidance conflicts can involve the individual to choose
whether to approach or avoid a goal that has two positive and two negative aspects. Many of the conflicts that appear to be the approach-approach conflicts
are really the double approach-avoidance conflicts because the choice of one goal makes the other goal give up p.461.
Nevertheless, the strength of the response, either approach or avoidance, is determined by some factors as how close the individual to the goal, the amount of
the goal, the kind of goal, and the attractiveness of the goal. The more attractive the goal, the greater the conflict will be Worchel and Cooper, 1979, p.461.
Moreover, Atkinson, Atkinson and Hilgard 1983 also acknowledge that both an approach and avoidance are strongest near the object. The closer an individual to
an attractive object, the stronger tendency is to approach it but the closer an individual to unpleasant or fearful, the stronger hisher urge to flee p.424.
c. Cause of Conflict
Conflicts happen for a reason. Each person might have different reasons for every conflict they have. Moreover, Borisoff and Victor 1989 state that
Different belief or value systems are likely to produce a conflict when an individual harboring these fundamental differences vie for goals in such a
way that they perceive that one goal only can emerge p.4
19 In other words, the cause of conflicts depends on how people react toward the
issues based on their belief. Therefore, each person can have different cause of the conflict. Moreover, there are a lot of sources that can cause conflicts. Issenhart
and Spangle 2000 divided seven common sources of conflicts pp.14-15. The first cause of the conflict is data. According to Issenhart and Spangle 2000
people have different opinion about the best source, reliability or the interpretation of data p.14.
The second cause of the conflict is the interests. Issenhart and Spangle 2000 state the most common source of dispute between two parties is “tangible
wants or perceived needs that involve disagreement about how specific interests of all parties will be met” p.14. The procedures are the third cause of the
conflict. Here, people tend to abide by the election results than to be involved in a discussion about how to solve a conflict. People believe that the election
procedures are fair. The fourth is values. Problems emerge from a value about the way things should be. It causes different opinions about the importance or priority
of interests, opinions or choices of directions which are difficult to resolve p.14. The fifth cause of the conflict according to Issenhart and Spangle 2000 is
relationships p.15. In the relationships factor, people may resist cooperating relationships if between two or more people there are no trusts, respects, and they
do not believe or do not listen to each other. A high comfort level will establish collaboration. The sixth cause of the conflict is the roles. Professional, community
or family roles may emerge a conflict if the roles are beyond the expectation or the imbalance created by the role. The seventh cause of the conflict is the
20 communication. The communication may be a conflict-trigger. Moreover,
people’s emotions are easy to get triggered by words that are taken personally or being considered as a threatening. A miscommunication may cause a
misunderstanding which can be one of biggest conflict sources that people have undergone.
d. Styles of Approaching Conflict
Each person has different ways in approaching a conflict. Issenhart and Spangle 2000 said that
People approach different opinions and perceived interference from others in variety of ways. Some people become aggressive and assertive. They
will threaten and make demands. Others will become quiet and passive and avoid talking about their concerns p.26.
Furthermore, Issenhart and Spangle also define two independent variables influence the behavior of the approaching conflict—concern about one’s own
outcomes and concern about the outcomes of others. These two concerns influence the decision about the best choice to deal with the conflict p.26.
Besides, Issenhart and Spangle 2000, pp.26-27 describe five common ways people approach the conflict:
1 Avoiding
It is an approach where “a party denies that there is a conflict, changes topics, and avoids discussion, and is non-committal.” It is the most effective
approaching style in situation in which there is a tendency of physical violence,
