Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Conflicts

9 A critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and position values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it. The critic is involved in what is called applied esthetics, a branch philosophy devoted to the study of art and the nature of beauty p.3 Henceforth, Rohrberger and Woods 1971 classify the critical approaches into five types. These critical approaches are the formalist approach, biographical approach, socio cultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach pp.6-15. In order to analyze the topic discussed, the writer used the psychological approach. According to Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard 1983 a psychological approach is an approach that analyzes human motivation p.319. In addition, Atkinson, Atkinson, Hilgard also state that Psychological approach explores the private personality—the unconscious motives that direct behavior. Psychoanalytic theory is also concerned with the way in which personality develops p.395. Freud, in addition, specifies some behaviors that reveal the unconscious motives. Those are in dreams where people often express their the unconscious wishes and impulses; next is the unconscious mannerism and slips of speech that reveal hidden motives; and the last is the symptom of illness that sometimes shows person’s unconscious needs as cited by Atkinson, Atkinson, Hillgard, 1983, p.319. Moreover, according to Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard 1983, a psychoanalytic has an enormous effect on “psychological and philosophical conceptions of human nature” p.398. Freud as cited by Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard 1983 also states that “unconscious needs and conflicts motivate much of human behavior “p. 398. In addition, Hjelle and Zielger 1981 also 10 state that “psychoanalysis thus emphasizes the interpretation of fantasies and dream as avenues for deeper understanding of the unconscious underlying behavior” p.33. Besides, Kennedy and Gioia 2002 state a psychological approach employs three methods. First method investigates the creative process of the arts. The second method involves a psychological study of a particular artist. The last method is the most common approach that usually used to analyze fictional characters p.641. In order to answer the research questions, the writer uses the third method of the psychological approach to analyze the main characters and the conflicts faced by them, and the problem resolution.

2. Theory of Character and Characterization

As one of the literary works, novel sustains the exploration of the character. Therefore, in the novel, a character is the essential part since the author conveys the messages of the story through the character. Thus, an author needs to comprehend the theory of the character and characterization to help hisher create the characters that have such a real personality. Forster 1974 agrees that “a character in a book is real; it is when the novelist knows everything about it” p.44. Thus, characters are fictional people that are created by the author. It means that characters are made based on the author’s imagination. It is supported by Gill 1995 who states that characters are literary works which are the products of characterization p.127. They are made in a particular way. Hence, how characters are like because of the way they have been made.