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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on discussing the review on the theoretical literature related to the study. There are two main parts in this chapter, namely, the review
of related theories and the theoretical framework. The first part is a review of the related theories. In this part, the writer will focus on discussing the theoretical
description of the terms used in this study. The theoretical framework provides all summaries from the theories related to the study matter which will help the writer
to analyze the topic discussed.
A. Review of the Related Theories
This study uses five theories related to the topic discussed. This part consists of the discussion on the psychological approach, character and
characterization, interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts, conflict resolution and motivation.
1. Theory of Psychological Approach
People need to understand the way the literary work works especially novels. One way to understand literary works is to criticize it, namely, the critical
approach. Rohberger and Woods 1971 acknowledge the critical approach as follows.
9 A critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature,
function, and position values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it. The critic is involved in what is called applied
esthetics, a branch philosophy devoted to the study of art and the nature of beauty p.3
Henceforth, Rohrberger and Woods 1971 classify the critical approaches into five types. These critical approaches are the formalist approach, biographical
approach, socio cultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and
psychological approach pp.6-15. In order to analyze the topic discussed, the writer used the psychological approach. According to Atkinson, Atkinson, and
Hilgard 1983 a psychological approach is an approach that analyzes human motivation p.319. In addition, Atkinson, Atkinson, Hilgard also state that
Psychological approach explores the private personality—the unconscious motives that direct behavior. Psychoanalytic theory is also concerned with
the way in which personality develops p.395.
Freud, in addition, specifies some behaviors that reveal the unconscious motives. Those are in dreams where people often express their the unconscious
wishes and impulses; next is the unconscious mannerism and slips of speech that reveal hidden motives; and the last is the symptom of illness that sometimes
shows person’s unconscious needs as cited by Atkinson, Atkinson, Hillgard, 1983, p.319.
Moreover, according to Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard 1983, a psychoanalytic has an enormous effect on “psychological and philosophical
conceptions of human nature” p.398. Freud as cited by Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard 1983 also states that “unconscious needs and conflicts motivate
much of human behavior “p. 398. In addition, Hjelle and Zielger 1981 also
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