Both. . .and, neither. . .nor, either. . .or, not only. . .but also, not. . .but, whether. . .or, as. . .as
Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 7. While correlative conjunctions are used in formal English, care must
be taken that the first correlative is placed before the proper item. Both parts of the coordination must be grammatically parallel.
She will either pay for the ring or she will return it. predicate
independent clause
While informal English permits this kind of non-parallelism, formal usage requires that the sentence just given be changed to:
She will either pay for the ring or return it or to either she will pay for the ring or she will return it.
Frank 1972, 214
2.2.3 Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause complete sentence to a dependent clause fragment. Each subordinating conjunctions
expresses a relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause. For example, some conjunctions show time order, while others show
result or effect. The subordinate conjunction is grammatically part of the clause it introduces; it is never separated from its clause by a comma.
Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 106
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Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although
as as if
as long as as though
because before
even if even though
if if only
in order that now that
once rather than
since so that
than that
though till
unless until
when whenever
where whereas
wherever while
Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 106
1 After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad
After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb.
2 Once Adam smashed the spider
Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb. 3Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee
Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb. A subordinate conjunctions cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does
not provide a complete thought. A word group that begins with a capital letter and
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ends with a period must contain at least one main clause. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major error.
Broadly speaking, all the introductory words in the three subordinate clauses, even pronouns or adverbs, may be classified as subordinate conjunctions.
In a more limited sense, the term is restricted to the words introducing adverbial clauses and introducing noun clauses. Subordinate conjunctions range in meaning
from those having strong semantic content to those having purely structural meaning.
Some subordinate conjunctions have the same form as prepositions, especially
the conjunctions of time. Subordinate conjunctions may have –ing or –ed, participal form provided or providing that, notwithstanding that, supposing that.
Actually, in some cases, it is hard to draw the line between an –ing or an –ed form
used as a participle or as a conjunction. Frank 1972, 215
The Punctuation of subordinating conjunctions
When you attach a subordinate conjunctions in front of a main clause, use a comma, like this:
subordinate conjunctions + , + main clause
1 Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese, Emily refused
to eat it.
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2 Unless Christine finishes her calculus homework, she will have to suffer
Mr. Nguyens wrath in class tomorrow. 3
While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television, Samson, the family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table.
When you attach a subordinate conjunctions at the end of a main clause, you will generally use no punctuation, like this:
main clause + Ø + subordinate clause
1 Tania did poorly on her history exam Ø because her best friend Giselle
insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before. 2
Jonathan spent his class time reading comic books Ø since his average was a 45 one week before final exams.
3 Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard Ø where the sun
blazed the longest during the day.
2.3 The difference between coordination and subordination
