Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms
23.1.1 Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms
Recovery from transaction failures usually means that the database is restored to the most recent consistent state just before the time of failure. To do this, the system must keep information about the changes that were applied to data items by the various transactions. This information is typically kept in the system log, as we dis- cussed in Section 21.2.2. A typical strategy for recovery may be summarized infor- mally as follows:
1. If there is extensive damage to a wide portion of the database due to cata- strophic failure, such as a disk crash, the recovery method restores a past
copy of the database that was backed up to archival storage (typically tape or other large capacity offline storage media) and reconstructs a more current state by reapplying or redoing the operations of committed transactions from the backed up log, up to the time of failure.
2. When the database on disk is not physically damaged, and a noncatastrophic failure of types 1 through 4 in Section 21.1.4 has occurred, the recovery
strategy is to identify any changes that may cause an inconsistency in the database. For example, a transaction that has updated some database items on disk but has not been committed needs to have its changes reversed by undoing its write operations. It may also be necessary to redo some opera- tions in order to restore a consistent state of the database; for example, if a transaction has committed but some of its write operations have not yet been written to disk. For noncatastrophic failure, the recovery protocol does not need a complete archival copy of the database. Rather, the entries kept in the online system log on disk are analyzed to determine the appropriate actions for recovery.
Conceptually, we can distinguish two main techniques for recovery from noncata- strophic transaction failures: deferred update and immediate update. The deferred update techniques do not physically update the database on disk until after a trans- action reaches its commit point; then the updates are recorded in the database. Before reaching commit, all transaction updates are recorded in the local transac- tion workspace or in the main memory buffers that the DBMS maintains (the DBMS main memory cache). Before commit, the updates are recorded persistently in the log, and then after commit, the updates are written to the database on disk.
23.1 Recovery Concepts 809
database in any way, so UNDO is not needed. It may be necessary to REDO the effect of the operations of a committed transaction from the log, because their effect may not yet have been recorded in the database on disk. Hence, deferred update is also known as the NO-UNDO/REDO algorithm . We discuss this tech-
nique in Section 23.2. In the immediate update techniques, the database may be updated by some opera-
tions of a transaction before the transaction reaches its commit point. However, these operations must also be recorded in the log on disk by force-writing before they are applied to the database on disk, making recovery still possible. If a transaction fails after recording some changes in the database on disk but before reaching its commit point, the effect of its operations on the database must be undone; that is, the transaction must be rolled back. In the general case of immediate update, both undo and redo may be required during recovery. This technique, known as the
UNDO/REDO algorithm , requires both operations during recovery, and is used most often in practice. A variation of the algorithm where all updates are required to be recorded in the database on disk before a transaction commits requires undo only, so it is known as the UNDO/NO-REDO algorithm . We discuss these techniques in Section 23.3.
The UNDO and REDO operations are required to be idempotent—that is, executing an operation multiple times is equivalent to executing it just once. In fact, the whole recovery process should be idempotent because if the system were to fail during the recovery process, the next recovery attempt might UNDO and REDO certain write_item operations that had already been executed during the first recovery process. The result of recovery from a system crash during recovery should be the same as the result of recovering when there is no crash during recovery!
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