Web Analysis and Its Relationship to Information Retrieval
27.7.1 Web Analysis and Its Relationship to Information Retrieval
In addition to browsing and searching the Web, another important activity closely related to information retrieval is to analyze or mine information on the Web for
22 The contributions of Pranesh P. Ranganathan and Hari P. Kumar to this section is appreciated.
27.7 Web Search and Analysis 1019
new information of interest. (We discuss mining of data from files and databases in Chapter 28.) Application of data analysis techniques for discovery and analysis of useful information from the Web is known as Web analysis. Over the past few years the World Wide Web has emerged as an important repository of information for many day-to-day applications for individual consumers, as well as a significant plat- form for e-commerce and for social networking. These properties make it an inter- esting target for data analysis applications. The Web mining and analysis field is an integration of a wide range of fields spanning information retrieval, text analysis, natural language processing, data mining, machine learning, and statistical analysis.
The goals of Web analysis are to improve and personalize search results relevance and to identify trends that may be of value to various businesses and organizations. We elaborate on these goals next.
Finding relevant information . People usually search for specific informa- tion on the Web by entering keywords in a search engine or browsing infor- mation portals and using services. Search services are constrained by search relevance problems since they have to map and approximate the information need of millions of users as an a priori task. Low precision (see Section 27.6)
ensues due to results that are nonrelevant to the user. In the case of the Web, high recall (see section 27.6) is impossible to determine due to the inability to index all the pages on the Web. Also, measuring recall does not make sense since the user is concerned with only the top few documents. The most rele- vant feedback for the user is typically from only the top few results.
Personalization of the information. Different people have different content and presentation preferences. By collecting personal information and then generating user-specific dynamic Web pages, the pages are personalized for the user. The customization tools used in various Web-based applications and services, such as click-through monitoring, eyeball tracking, explicit or implicit user profile learning, and dynamic service composition using Web APIs, are used for service adaptation and personalization. A personalization engine typically has algorithms that make use of the user’s personalization information—collected by various tools—to generate user-specific search results.
Finding information of commercial value . This problem deals with finding interesting patterns in users’ interests, behaviors, and their use of products and services, which may be of commercial value. For example, businesses such as the automobile industry, clothing, shoes, and cosmetics may improve their services by identifying patterns such as usage trends and user prefer- ences using various Web analysis techniques.
Based on the above goals, we can classify Web analysis into three categories: Web content analysis, which deals with extracting useful information/knowledge from Web page contents; Web structure analysis, which discovers knowledge from hyperlinks representing the structure of the Web; and Web usage analysis, which mines user access patterns from usage logs that record the activity of every user.
1020 Chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search
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» Fundamentals_of_Database_Systems,_6th_Edition
» Characteristics of the Database Approach
» Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach
» A Brief History of Database Applications
» Schemas, Instances, and Database State
» The Three-Schema Architecture
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» Introduction to Triggers in SQL
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» A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions
» Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts
» ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm
» Discussion and Summary of Mapping for ER Model Constructs
» Mapping EER Model Constructs
» The Role of Information Systems
» The Database Design and Implementation Process
» Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification 6
» Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool
» Automated Database Design Tools
» Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts and Features
» Object Identity, and Objects versus Literals
» Complex Type Structures for Objects and Literals
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» Overview of the Object Model of ODMG
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» Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data
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» Extracting XML Documents from
» Database Programming: Techniques
» Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL
» Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL Using Cursors
» Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic SQL
» SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in Java
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» Database Programming with SQL/CLI Using C
» JDBC: SQL Function Calls for Java Programming
» Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM
» PHP Variables, Data Types, and Programming Constructs
» Overview of PHP Database Programming
» Imparting Clear Semantics to Attributes in Relations
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» Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys
» General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms
» Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form
» Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
» Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies
» Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
» Properties of Relational Decompositions
» Dependency-Preserving Decomposition
» Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive (Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas
» Problems with NULL Values and Dangling Tuples
» Discussion of Normalization Algorithms and Alternative Relational Designs
» Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF
» Other Dependencies and Normal Forms
» Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices
» Hardware Description of Disk Devices
» Magnetic Tape Storage Devices
» Placing File Records on Disk
» Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)
» Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)
» External Hashing for Disk Files
» Hashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic File Expansion
» Other Primary File Organizations
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» Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes
» Some General Issues Concerning Indexing
» Algorithms for External Sorting
» Implementing the SELECT Operation
» Implementing the JOIN Operation
» Algorithms for PROJECT and Set
» Notation for Query Trees and Query Graphs
» Heuristic Optimization of Query Trees
» Catalog Information Used in Cost Functions
» Examples of Cost Functions for SELECT
» Examples of Cost Functions for JOIN
» Example to Illustrate Cost-Based Query Optimization
» Factors That Influence Physical Database Design
» Physical Database Design Decisions
» An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems
» Transactions, Database Items, Read and Write Operations, and DBMS Buffers
» Why Concurrency Control Is Needed
» Transaction and System Concepts
» Desirable Properties of Transactions
» Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable Schedules
» Testing for Conflict Serializability of a Schedule
» How Serializability Is Used for Concurrency Control
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» Dealing with Deadlock and Starvation
» Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering
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» Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency
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» Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes
» Other Concurrency Control Issues
» Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms
» Caching (Buffering) of Disk Blocks
» Write-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and Force/No-Force
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» The ARIES Recovery Algorithm
» Recovery in Multidatabase Systems
» Introduction to Database Security Issues 1
» Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges
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» Introduction to Statistical Database Security
» Introduction to Flow Control
» Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures
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» Distributed Database Concepts 1
» Types of Distributed Database Systems
» Distributed Database Architectures
» Data Replication and Allocation
» Example of Fragmentation, Allocation, and Replication
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» Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases
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» Current Trends in Distributed Databases
» Distributed Databases in Oracle 13
» Generalized Model for Active Databases and Oracle Triggers
» Design and Implementation Issues for Active Databases
» Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules
» Time Representation, Calendars, and Time Dimensions
» Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using Tuple Versioning
» Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases Using Attribute Versioning
» Temporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2 Language
» Spatial Database Concepts 24
» Multimedia Database Concepts
» Clausal Form and Horn Clauses
» Datalog Programs and Their Safety
» Evaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries
» Introduction to Information Retrieval
» Types of Queries in IR Systems
» Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance
» Web Analysis and Its Relationship to Information Retrieval
» Analyzing the Link Structure of Web Pages
» Approaches to Web Content Analysis
» Trends in Information Retrieval
» Data Mining as a Part of the Knowledge
» Goals of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
» Types of Knowledge Discovered during Data Mining
» Market-Basket Model, Support, and Confidence
» Frequent-Pattern (FP) Tree and FP-Growth Algorithm
» Other Types of Association Rules
» Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems
» Commercial Data Mining Tools
» Data Modeling for Data Warehouses
» Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses
» Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE
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