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8 Lifestyle based on spiritual or religious preferences: Agnostics, Secularity, Ahimsa, Hinduism, Baha’I Faith, Breatharianism, Buddhism, Christianity,
Cults, Evangelicalism, Eremitism, Islam, Judaism, Missionary, Preisthood, rasta, Zen, Thelema, Yoga
This thesis will use one of the lifestyles based on spiritual preferences, that is secularity. Secularity is the state of being free from religious or spiritual
qualities http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiSecularity. Secularity has two distinct meanings. The first one is it asserts the freedom of religion, and freedom from
religion, and the second one is it refers to a belief that human activities and decisions should be based on evidence and fact, not superstitious beliefs and
religious domination. 9 Musical subculture lifestyles: Beatnik, Emo, Goth, Hip-hop, Mod, Punk, Rave
www.wikipedia.orglist_of_lifestyles 10 Lifestyle based on recreation: Surfer, Athleticism, Hunter, Extreme Sport,
Artist, golf, Recreational drug use www.wikipedia.orglist_of_lifestyles.
d. Elements of lifestyle
Frolich and Potvin in Lyons and Langille 2000:22-27 write that there are several determinants or elements of lifestyles. They are:
1 Personal life skills Here, life skills are the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviors that
enable people to deal effectively with the demands of everyday life. They consist of personal, interpersonal, cognitive, and physical skills that enable people to
control and direct their lives. Some of personal life skills are literacy and numeracy, decision making and problem solving, creative and critical thinking,
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empathy, mutual support, self-help and advocacy, communication, and coping 2000:23.
2 Stress The ways people choose their lifestyle are also strongly influenced by
stress 2000:23. 3 Norms and Culture
It is undoubtable that all human behaviours reflect, to some extent, the culture and values of a given society. Community norms and standards of
behaviour also limit personal choice 2000:23. 4 Control and coherence
A sense of life control and coherence are other important components of lifestyle choice. It includes the control over anxiety, insecurity, and depression
2000:24. 5 Belonging
Belonging refers to the social relations and support from family, friends, and communities. It is clear that people who have a tight relationship with their
friends or family have different lifestyles compared to those who live alone or do not have a firm affiliation with others 2000:25.
6 Pleasure Pleasure comes from the assumption that humans are motivated to
seek pleasure and avoid pain. This pleasure seeking often leads human to the type of lifestyle that offers them a kind of contentment. Since one’s
satisfaction differs
from others,
then the choice of lifestyle varies too
2000:26. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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7 Personality Lyons and Langille also explain that personality traits such as optimism
and self-efficiency contibute to the lifestyle choice. Those who have optimism have different choice of lifestyle than those who are pesimists 2000:26.
From the explanations we can conclude that there are many things that influence a person to choose certain kinds of lifestyles. Nowadays, people are
influenced mostly by the culture and norms of their society. The culture that is obtained from mass media affects people most in their social life and consumption
patterns.
B. Criticism on The Crocodile Bird
The author of this novel, Ruth Rendell, is one of most prolific crime writers. Some critics say that she is “The Queen of Crime” after Agatha Christie.
She was born on February 17
th
1930 in London. She studied in Essex University, where there, she also started her writing career by working at Essex newspaper as
a reporter and subeditor in 1948-1950. She started her first novel with the character of Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford, the protagonist of her police
procedural novel http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiRuth_Rendell. Not only famous with her novel series of Wexford, she has been known
for her psychological crime novels wherein she explores themes such as sexual obsession, the effects of misperceived communication, chance and the humanness
of criminals. The novel analyzed in this thesis, The Crocodile Bird 1994 is one of Rendell’s psychological crime novels. It brings the theme of the side effects of
secrets kept and crimes done. To support the data about the novel and the writer, I attach some critiques
