16
From the above explanations, we can conclude that human has many kinds of needs. Basically, most people will put physiological needs first, because it is
part of human instinct to do that. However, since the society demands more, nowadays people are looking more toward esteem needs, that is how to gain the
approval and recognition of others.
5. Lifestyle a. Definitions
As mentioned in the previous chapter, Smith and Pergola 1991:1 define lifestyle as personal behaviours and habits. Lifestyle includes exercise, eating
habits, cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use, safety, stress management, fashion, or relationship. Since it is defined as personal behaviours and habits,
17
lifestyle comes in many forms depending on the personal interest. However, Taylor 2002:1 suggests that firstly we have to compare the term ‘lifestyle’ with
the term ‘way of life’. He writes that at the local level, ‘lifestyle’ is replacing the traditional ‘way of life’. The shifting of ‘way of life’ to ‘lifestyle’ has happened
because of the rise of media which brings many choices to the individual. In her explanation, ‘way of life’ means the way an individual is living hisher life in the
aspect of class economy and society issues as far as the logistics of making a living. While ‘lifestyle’ means the moral and way of life that an individual
chooses or possibly the herritage or traditions and ethnic ways of life. A ‘way of life’ is generally something imposed on a person by hisher circumtances, while a
‘lifestyle’ is generally the choice by those people, who can afford it and make their own manner of living. One can be poor or lonely and make that ‘hisher
lifestyle’ if he or she chooses to live out of it and is not forced into it by hisher situation.
b. Perspectives on lifestyle
Lyons and Langille 2000:20 explain some perspectives on lifestyle choice. The first perspective shows us that opportunities and limitations for choice
vary considerably. It refers to the fact that although we do make choices, the choices are limited. They explain that the range of choices available depends on
one’s education, relationships, socialization, personality, physical and mental ability, situational factors and goals, financial, and other material resources. This
means, of course, that the higher income or education is, the greater the degree of choice.
The second perspective explains that some people maintain lifestyles PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
which they know are harmful because they meet certain immediate needs. An example of this perspective is shown by many educated people who know the
danger of smoking or alcohol but they still use it as part of their lifestyle. One of the reasons that forces them to choose this is socializing.
Finnally, the third perspective shows that there are important linkages between lifestyle choice, determinants, and health. The perfect example is
smoking. The choice to smoke brings effects on the health of the person.
c. Kinds of lifestyle
There are many kinds of lifestyles. They are classified as follows: 1 General: activism, asceticism, modern primitivism, back to the land,
bibliophilia, clothes free, comunal living, groupie lifestyle, hippie, nomadism, quirkyalone, rural lifestyle, simple living, traditional lifestyle.
www.wikipedia.orglist_of_lifestyles In this study, I will likely employ one of them, that is simple living. “Simple
living is a lifestyle where an individual chooses to live more simply for reasons of personal taste, a sense of fairness, or for personal economy”.
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiSimple_living 2 Income or occupation based lifestyles: criminality, farming, jet set, piracy,
poverty, prostitution, sarariman, workaholic, yuppie. www.wikipedia.orglist_of_lifestyles
3 Consumption-based lifestyle: conspicuous consumption, digital lifestyle, straight edge punk, voluntary simplicity, homelessness.
www.wikipedia.orglist_of_lifestyles 4 Lifestyle based on social and political issues: social liberalism which consist
