NO. CONTRACTED
to- OCCURENCES
PERCENTAGE
1 Wanna
1 1
TOTAL 1
1 Table 8. to- contraction in HighEnd and HighEnd Teen magazines
In total of hundreds clitics that occurred in the two magazines, to- contraction only happens once respectively. Unlike the other types that have been
mentioned above, they have more than one clitic in each type. However in this case, it is only wanna which becomes the single representative from this
cliticization’s type. The researcher assumes that the usage of to- contraction is very minimum.
4. Pronominal Clitics
The last type of cliticizations named as pronominal clitics. The cliticization of pronouns will be explained by applying the theory of pronominal
clitics by Radford 1997. Pronominal clitics only existed in one magazine, HighEnd Teen, with five
occurrences in total. The clear details can be seen in a table as follows:
NO. CONTRACTED
PRONOUNS OCCURRENCES
PERCENTAGE
1. Let’s
5 2
TOTAL 5
2 Table 9. Pronominal Clitics in HighEnd Teen Magazine
Based on the table above, there is only one pronominal clitic which occurred in HighEnd Teen. It is wanna with five occurrences from 250. Same as
to- contraction, the usage of pronominal clitics is quite small compared to auxiliary reduction and negative contraction. With only 2 from percentage and
only exists in one magazine, this shows that this type of cliticization is also pretty minimum.
B. Morphophonemic Processes Which Are Applied to the Cliticization
The second analysis discusses about the morphophonemic processes which are applied to the cliticization. In order to analyze the morphophonemic processes,
the researcher applied the theory about morphophonemic changes by Lam 2003:6. He stated that there are seven rules of morphophonemic changes. They
are simple change of phonemes, loss of phonemes, assimilation and dissimilation, addition of the phonemes, synthesis, stress shift and gradation, and suppletion.
However, the researcher proposes that not all of the morphophonemic changes are likely able to be applied in the cliticization.
Therefore, the analysis of morphophonemic processes which occurred in cliticization will also be examined in subchapters like the previous analysis about
the forms of cliticization. This aims to know the exact changes that can be possibly applied in each forms of cliticization.
1. Auxiliary Reduction
In the previous analysis, it has been clearly examined that auxiliary reduction becomes the type of cliticization which occurred mainly in both of the
magazines. According to the data from the magazines, there are 24 clitics forms of auxiliary reduction in total. Therefore, with the intention of knowing the
morphophonemic processes in the largest amount type of cliticization, the 24 clitics forms will be divided according to the auxiliaries that are contracted.
a. Is and has According to Zwicky 1970, the contracted form of is and has are ‘s.
However, in some sentences from the data, to distinguish that the ‘s belongs to is or has is quite thorny. Because it has to concern with the grammar in order to
distinguish them. Thus, the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – 7
th
edition is used in order to distinguish the meaning and the correct use of the two auxiliaries.
Take a look at the two examples below to notice what the difference between is and has:
3-HE25Adv78
It’s all about supreme satisfaction that comes from alluring elegant appearance
and superior coziness of New Nissan Elgrand 3,5L 2,5L.
From 3-HE25Adv78, if we observe it carefully, it is quite clear that ‘s is the contracted form of the auxiliary is. Because, is is a verb in the sentence that
functioning as a be. See another example as the comparison below: 3-HET75CS2831
“She’s been telling me all the time all about the songs.”
As seen in 3-HET75CS2831, has supposed to be the contracted form of ‘s
. Because grammatically, this sentence should be a present perfect tense. Based on the data, there are nine clitics which have contracted auxiliaries
of is and has. They are it’s, he’s, here’s, she’s, that’s, there’s, what’s, who’s and Sue nie’s
been. From the nine words, the clitics which have contracted is are it’s, that’s
, she’s, here’s, what’s, there’s, he’s, and who’s. On the other hand, the clitics which have contracted has are it’s, she’s, and Sue nie’s been.
i. Is
The first word that have contracted is are it’s. It is also the largest auxiliary reduction clitics in the data. The uncontracted form of it’s is it is. If we look at the
process of the reduction, the i in is is simply deleted. However, the exact process of the reduction can be seen in phonetic transcription. The Longman
Pronunciation Dictionary is used to transcribe the phonetic transcription. The phonological rule can be written to ɪt + ɪz
[ɪts]. It is the same case with the clitic words what’s and that’s. The process of reduction is also by omitting i in is.
Therefore, the phonological rule is written as wɒ t + ɪz [wɒ ts], and for that’s
the phonological rule is written as ðæt + ɪz [ðæts]. Based on the three
transcriptions ɪ in ɪz is deleted and z becomes s because in front of z is a voiceless consonant sound t. Therefore, the contracted form becomes s, a
voiceless sound too. Therefore, there are two morphophonemic processes that can be applied in this contraction. The first process is by omitting the phoneme in the
contracted word. This process named as loss of phonemes. The second process is by changing the feature of the phoneme in the contracted word to be identical with
the head. This process named as simple change of phoneme. Then, she’s becomes the next word from the data. The uncontracted form
of she’s is she is. The process of reduction is same as the previous words. It is also by deleting i in is. The phonological rule can be written as ʃi: + ɪz
[ʃi:z]. There is also here’s, he’s, and who’s which have the same case with she’s. The
process of reduction is once more the same. That is by deleting i in is. The phonological rule is written as hɪə + iz
[hɪəz], for he’s the phonological
