Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

order to minimize the pronunciation of function words when they are unstressed. There are four types of cliticizations. First is auxiliary reduction, which means that the auxiliaries are reduced to become the clitics of function words. The second is negative contraction, which means that the negator not is contracted into n’t when attaching to the auxiliaries or modal verbs. Third is to- contraction, which means that the word to is becoming the clitic of a certain verb. The to- contraction is rather complicated to be described, because it is argued that the relation between wanna and want to must be syntactically wrong. Also, the lexicalization accounts of to-contraction are wrong, because wanna and hafta are assumed to be synchronically unrelated to want and have. However, the phonological approach using the intonational phrase can relate the relevant data. Moreover, the last type is pronominal clitics, which is pronounced in verb particle constructions and in dative constructions which behave like clitics. Pronominal clitics are in the course of cliticizing. The study done by Kim analyzed clitics by their forms and suggested that cliticization applies to the function words and is sensitive to some phonological factors such as stress and phonological boundaries rather than the trace-based adjacency condition in the past. Phonological facts have been mistaken for syntactic ones. Those objectives are similar to the present study done by the researcher. However, this research is to develop from the previous study. This research is different from the above study because this research is aimed at explaining the cliticization not just by morphologically or phonologically but the combination of the two aspects, which is known as morphophonemic.

2. Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning McCarthy, 2005

The second review which is also relevant to this research comes from John J. McCarthy from University of Massachusetts. The research was written in an article of Catalan Journal of Linguistics journal volume 4, 2005, entitled Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning. The study focuses on the basic learning of morphophonemic process. McCarthy suggested that in morphophonemic learning, the underlying representations influence the grammar and the grammar influences the underlying representations. As learners begin to analyze morphologically complex words, they discover morphophonemic alternations for which the identity map is insufficient. In the article, McCarthy has pursued the idea that learners simultaneously consider various hypotheses about underlying representation, rejecting any for which no grammar is possible and preferring the one that allows the most restrictive grammar. Morphophonemic learning necessarily intersects with phonological opacity which presents its own learning challenges. It remains to be seen whether the proposal developed here can be modified and extended to address this notably thornier problem. In the last review, the study done by McCarthy is about the basic learning of morphophonemic. The similarity of this study with the present research is on the phonological concerns from analyzing the morphologically complex words. However, this study is different from the present study because the present research analyzes the morphophonemic process by applying the theories of morphophonemic rules or changes that will be specified further.