changing the feature of the phoneme in the contracted word to be identical with the head.
The next two words are she’s and Sue nie’s. These two words have a similarity that can be seen in a phonological transcription ʃi: + hæz
[ʃi:z] for she’s
, and for Sue nie’s can be seen as su:ni: + hæz [su:ni:z]. Same as the
previous clitics, the h and æ in hæz is omitted, but the z remains unchanged. It is because z preceded by a i: which is a voiced sound also. Therefore, the
morphophonemic process that can be applied in those two cliticizations is loss of phonemes.
b. Would According to Zwicky 1970, the contracted form of had and would is both
‘d . However, according to the data found in the two magazines, there is only one
uncontracted form of ’d. It is would. Therefore, the uncontracted form of I’d, we’d, and you’d are I would, we would, and you would.
As previously mentioned, there are only three words that have contracted form of would. It turns out that the three words have the similar reduction process.
It can be seen from the phonetic transcription of I’d is aɪ + wʊd [aɪd], for
we’d the phonetic transcription is wi: + wʊd
[wi:d], and for you’d the phonetic transcription is ju: + wʊd
[ju:d]. From the transcription, it can be observed that there are two phonemes in wʊd that are deleted. They are w and
ʊ. The d remains unchanged because according to Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, it is used only after words usually pronouns ending in vowel sounds.
Based from the explanation above, d is preceded by vowel sounds ɪ, i:, and
u:. In conclusion, the morphophonemic process that can be applied in this cliticization is loss of phonemes.
c. Am Am only belongs to a single pronoun, I. The contracted form of I am is I’m.
By looking at it, we can see that the process of reduction is by omitting a in am. The exact process can be seen in a phonetic transcription, aɪ + æm
[aɪm]. Based from the transcription, it can be seen that æ in æm is omitted, and the m
remain unchanged. As a result, the morphophonemic process that is applied in this cliticization is loss of phonemes.
d. Are The auxiliary are belongs to two pronouns, you and we. Therefore, the
contracted form of are in you and we are you’re and we’re. These two words have a similarity that can be seen in phonetic transcription. The first transcription of
you’re is ju: + a:r
[jʊ
ə
r], and for we’re is wi: + a:r [wɪ
ə
r]. Unlike the previous cliticization, this reduction process is quite different. From the analysis
above, it is all the auxiliaries that undergo changing or deleting. But it is different in this case. The pronouns are also experiencing the process. It can be examined
that a: becomes a weak pronounced ə , and also the vowel preceding it, u: and i:, change into unstressed or weak pronounced forms ʊ and ɪ respectively. As
a result, the morphophonemic process that can be applied in this cliticization is simple change of phonemes.
e. Will There are three pronouns that have contracted will according to the data.
They are he, we, and you. When will is added and contracted, the forms become he’ll
, we’ll, and you’ll. By taking a glance of the cliticization, we can see that the reduction is by omitting letters w and i. However, the phonetic transcription is
indeed needed in order to analyze it comprehensibly. Therefore, the phonetic transcription of he’ll is hi: + wɪl
[hi:
ə
l] and the phonetic transcription for we’ll
is wi: + wɪl [wi:
ə
l]. According to the transcription, it can be examined that the phoneme w in wɪl is omitted and ɪ is changed into weak pronounced
ə . Therefore, the morphophonemic processes that are applied in those two cliticizations are loss of phonemes, and simple change of phoneme.
The process of reduction of you’ll is a bit different from the previous contracted will clitics. Then, the phonetic transcription of you’ll is ju: + wɪl
[ju:l]. It can be observed that the phonemes w and ɪ in wɪl is deleted and
leave l as the contracted form of the cliticization. As a result, the morphophonemic process that is applied in this cliticization is loss of phonemes.
f. Have
The last form of auxiliary reduction cliticization is have. According to the data, there are four pronouns that have contracted ‘ve. They are I’ve, they’ve,
we’ve , and you’ve. By looking at it, the process of reduction is simply by deleting
the words h and a in have. However, in order to get the certain process, it will be better if the phonetic transcription of each word is given. The transcription for I’ve
is aɪ + hæv [aɪv], for we’ve is wi: + hæv [wi:v], and the transcription
for you’ve is ju: + hæv [ju:v]. From the transcription, it can be observed that
the process of reduction is by deleting the phonemes h and æ in hæv and the phoneme v remains unchanged. It is because it is preceded by vowel sounds ɪ,
i:, and æ. So, it becomes the contracted form of have. As a result, the morphophonemic process that can be applied in those three cliticizations is loss of
phonemes.
2. Negative Contraction
As previously explained, negative contraction becomes the second largest type of cliticization in the data. In total, there are 12 forms of negative contraction.
They are don’t, aren’t, can’t, couldn’t, didn’t, doesn’t, hasn’t, haven’t, isn’t, wasn’t
, won’t, and wouldn’t. As seen from the data, the negative not when it is contracted becomes n’t and the auxiliary verbs and modals stay the same.
However, to get the apparent details of the process of reduction, it will be better if it is analyzed by the phonological construction.
The first analysis is from the cliticizaton of don’t and won’t, because those two words have a similar process. In phonetic transcription, don’t is written as
du: + nɒ t [də ʊnt], and for won’t is wɪl + nɒ t [wə ʊnt]. From the
transcription, it can be seen that the phoneme ɒ in nɒ t is deleted. However, the process is also involving the auxiliary and verb. The phoneme u: is changed into
diphthong ə ʊ, which is unstressed or weak pronounced. The process is also the same as in won’t. The phonemes ɪ and l is changed into an unstressed and weak
pronounced diphthong ə ʊ. Therefore, there are two morphophonemic processes that can be applied in those two cliticizations. The first process is loss of
phonemes. That is by deleting the phoneme in the contracted word. The second process is simple change of phoneme. That is by changing the feature of the
phoneme in the contracted word to be identical with the head. The next words are doesn’t, hasn’t, isn’t, and wasn’t. These three
cliticizations have a similarity in the process of contraction. The process can be seen in each phonetic transcription. The phonetic transcription for doesn’t can be
written as dʌ z + nɒ t [dʌ z
ə
nt], as for hasn’t is written as hæz + nɒ t
[hæz
ə
nt], for isn’t is written as ɪz + nɒ t [ɪz
ə
nt], and the transcription for wasn’t
is wɒ z + nɒ t [wɒ z
ə
nt]. From the transcriptions, it can be seen clearly that the phoneme ɒ in nɒ t is omitted and the unstressed and weak pronounced
phoneme ə is added as the connector of the two words. Therefore, there are two morphophonemic processes that can be applied in those three cliticizations. The
first process is by deleting the phoneme in the contracted word. This process named as loss of phonemes. The second process is by adding phoneme to connect
the two words. This process named as addition of the phonemes. Afterward, there are three words which also share same criteria of the
contraction process. They are couldn’t, didn’t, and wouldn’t. Same as the previous analysis, the phonetic transcription of each word is given. The transcription for
couldn’t is kʊd + nɒ t
[kʊd
ə
nt], for didn’t the transcription is written as dɪd + nɒ t
[dɪd
ə
nt], and for wouldn’t is wʊd + nɒ t [wʊd
ə
nt]. From the transcription, it can be observed that the phoneme ɒ in nɒ t is deleted and the
phoneme ə which is unstressed or weak pronounced is also added as the connector of the two words. As a result, there are two morphophonemic processes
in those three cliticizations. The first process is loss of phonemes. That is by deleting the phoneme in the contracted word. The second process is addition of
the phonemes. That is by adding phoneme to connect the two words. The last negative contraction form is can’t. The process of contraction also
can be seen in the phonetic transcription. It is written as kæn + nɒ t [kænt].
From the transcription, it can be examined that the phoneme n and ɒ in nɒ t are omitted. The phoneme n is deleted because it is preceded with the same
phoneme n. It has the same sound, therefore it is only written once. Thus, the morphophonemic process that can be applied in this cliticization is loss of
phonemes.
3. to- Contraction
According to the data, there is only one form of to- contraction. It is wanna, which the uncontracted form is from want and to. By looking at it, the
process is less simple than the previous forms. However, to get the precise analysis of the contraction process, it is better to transcribe the words in the
phonetic transcription. The transcription for wanna is wɒ nt + tu: [wɒ nə ]. It
can be observed from the transcription that the phonemes t and u: are deleted and they are changed into a vowel sound ə which is a weak pronounced
phoneme. According to the data, there is only one pronominal clitics which occurred. However, this contraction form has the same occurrence with gonna
which the uncontracted form is from going and to. This contraction is more casual compared to the other previous cliticizations. Therefore, the morphophonemic
process that can be applied in this cliticization is simple change of phonemes.
4. Pronominal Clitics
The last type of cliticization is pronominal clitics. This type only has one form according to the data. It is let’s, which the uncontracted form is from let and
us. The process of contraction is quite simple. It is by omitting the letter u in us. However, it is better if it is analyzed by the phonetic transcription in order to get
the exact analysis. The transcription for let’s is let + ʌ s [lets]. From the
transcription, it can be seen that process of contraction is by omitting the phoneme ʌ in ʌ s and the phoneme s remains unchanged because it is preceded by t
which is a voiceless consonant sound. As a result, the morphophonemic process that can be applied in this cliticization is loss of a phoneme.
47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
There are four types of cliticization in HighEnd and HighEnd Teen magazines. They are auxiliary reduction, negative contraction, to- contraction and
pronominal clitics. However, in HighEnd magazine, there are only three types of cliticization occurred. Pronominal clitics do not exist in the magazine. Therefore,
the type of cliticization which occurred the most in the two magazines is auxiliary reduction. In HighEnd, there are 100 clitics from 85 sentences in the magazine.
Therefore in HighEnd Teen, there are 250 clitics from 202 sentences in total. The clitics possibly occurred in more than one occurrence in a sentence. Therefore,
based in the data, the clitics that occurred in a sentence is up to three occurrences. Overall, there are 24 clitics forms in auxiliary reduction. They are it’s, he’s,
here’s , she’s, that’s, there’s, what’s, who’s and Sue nie’s been. Those clitics is the
contracted form of is or has. Then, for the contracted would, there are three clitics. They are I’d, we’d, and you’d. The next contracted auxiliary is the contracted am
which only has one clitic, I’m. Afterwards, there is a contracted auxiliary of are, which have two clitics, you’re and we’re. There are three clitics of contracted will.
They are he’ll, we’ll, and you’ll. The last form of auxiliary reduction is the contracted form of have. They are I’ve, they’ve, we’ve, and you’ve.
In negative contraction, there are 12 forms of the cliticization. They are don’t
, aren’t, can’t, couldn’t, didn’t, doesn’t, hasn’t, haven’t, isn’t, wasn’t, won’t,
