Clitics are elements which share certain properties of fully fledged words, but which lack the independence usually associated with words. In particular, they
can’t stand alone, but have to be attached phonologically to a host. This makes them look a little like affixes, in particular, inflectional affixes. Typically, clitics
are function words, such as modal participles e.g. interrogative participles, conjunctions, pronominals or auxiliary verbs. Historically, they generally develop
from fully fledged words and frequently develop into inflectional affixes Spencer, 1991:350.
A clitic also may have a non-clitic alternant. There are two forms of clitics.
The first is proclitic, which means that the clitic is de-stressed and becomes part
of the following word to which it is phonologically joined. The example by Crystal is d’you which is derived from the words do and you 1980:64. The
second form of clitics is enclitic, which is de-stressed and phonologically joined
at the end of a preceding word to form a single unit. Mish has given the example as in won’t which derived from the words will and not 1991:49.
Kim has briefly explained that there are several types of cliticization such as auxiliary reduction, negative contraction, to- contraction and pronominal clitics.
Those are all subclasses of the same general process of cliticization. Cliticization simplifies the pronunciations of the function words. It reduces the awareness to
function words, helping to make the content words easier to be noticed 2005:429.
O’Grady has clearly explained that a morphophonemic process occurs at
morpheme boundaries and it involves sounds that are associated with separate phonemes. It also applies to a limited class of forms 2005:143.
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts. They are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related studies
explains the studies done by other researchers on similar topics and examines some theories applied in this thesis. Each study is reviewed to find the
resemblances and the dissimilar point of views in order to avoid topics duplication. Review of related theories contains the theories that are used by the researcher for
the analysis. Some theories applied are also evaluated and discussed to find a constant base on which this thesis is carried on. The last part of this chapter,
theoretical framework, is about the contributions of related theories to the analysis of this study.
A. Review of Related Studies 1. English Cliticization and Intonational Phrase Kim, 1998
There are two reviews which are relevant to the present research. The first is the article from Young-Sun Kim from Hanshin University titled English
Cliticization and Intonational Phrase. The research was presented at the workshop of the Generative Grammar Circle on December 11
th
, 1998. This study deals with cliticization in English, which signifies the process of adding a clitic to
its host. The term clitic indicates an item which is an unstressed weak element and has the property of cliticizing to its host. Kim suggests that cliticization occurs in
order to minimize the pronunciation of function words when they are unstressed. There are four types of cliticizations. First is auxiliary reduction, which means
that the auxiliaries are reduced to become the clitics of function words. The second is negative contraction, which means that the negator not is contracted into
n’t when attaching to the auxiliaries or modal verbs. Third is to- contraction,
which means that the word to is becoming the clitic of a certain verb. The to- contraction is rather complicated to be described, because it is argued that the
relation between wanna and want to must be syntactically wrong. Also, the lexicalization accounts of to-contraction are wrong, because wanna and hafta are
assumed to be synchronically unrelated to want and have. However, the phonological approach using the intonational phrase can relate the relevant data.
Moreover, the last type is pronominal clitics, which is pronounced in verb particle constructions and in dative constructions which behave like clitics. Pronominal
clitics are in the course of cliticizing. The study done by Kim analyzed clitics by their forms and suggested that
cliticization applies to the function words and is sensitive to some phonological factors such as stress and phonological boundaries rather than the trace-based
adjacency condition in the past. Phonological facts have been mistaken for syntactic ones. Those objectives are similar to the present study done by the
researcher. However, this research is to develop from the previous study. This research is different from the above study because this research is aimed at
explaining the cliticization not just by morphologically or phonologically but the combination of the two aspects, which is known as morphophonemic.
