Cliticization in standard English : a study on its forms and morphophonemic processes.

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xiii

ABSTRACT

RAMADHANI, DYAH RIZKY MARSHA. Cliticization in Standard English: A Study on its Forms and Morphophonemic Processes. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Morphology is one of the major subfields of linguistics. It is the study about the forms and structures of words. One of common morphological phenomena in morphology is cliticization. A clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word (Kim, 1998:429). Nowadays, clitics are common to be used in either verbal or non-verbal communication. One of the common occurrences is in magazines. In order to observe further about this phenomenon, the researcher conducts a research about the occurrence of clitics in two magazines as comparison. The researcher takes two Indonesian monthly magazines which use English as the primary language in almost the whole articles. They areHighEndandHighEnd Teenmagazine.

This research has two problems. The first problem is focusing in identifying the forms of clitics which occurred in the two magazines. The second problem concentrates in the morphophonemic processes that are applied to the clitics.

The method of this study of clitics form and morphophonemic process is an empirical research because it uses the collected data, which are the clitics, as the primary data for accomplishing the analysis. Then the clitics are categorized based on their types according to the theory of Kim (1998). Meanwhile, the second analysis deals with the morphophonemic processes that are applied in the clitics by applying the theory by Lam (2003).

At the final, the researcher elaborates the analysis into a conclusion. The first, there are four types of clitics that occurred in the magazines. They are the auxiliary reduction, the negative contraction, the to- contraction, and pronominal clitics. The findings of this research came up with auxiliary reduction as the most frequent clitics type in the magazines. The second is that there are three morphophonemic processes that are applied in the cliticizations. They are loss, simple change, and addition of phonemes.

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xiv

ABSTRAK

RAMADHANI, DYAH RIZKY MARSHA. Cliticization in Standard English: A Study on its Forms and Morphophonemic Processes. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.

Morfologi adalah salah satu subbidang utama linguistik. Studi tersebut mengenai bentuk dan struktur kata-kata. Salah satu fenomena morfologi umum dalam studi morfologi adalah klitisisasi. Sebuah klitika merupakan morfem yang memiliki karakter sintaksis dari sebuah kata, tetapi menunjukkan bukti fonologis terikat ke kata lain (Kim, 1998:429). Saat ini, klitika umumnya digunakan dalam komunikasi verbal maupun non-verbal. Salah satu penggunaan yang umum adalah di majalah. Dalam rangka untuk menganalisa lebih lanjut mengenai fenomena ini, peneliti melakukan penelitian tentang terjadinya klitika dalam dua majalah sebagai perbandingan. Peneliti mengambil dua majalah bulanan Indonesia yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama di hampir seluruh artikelnya. Kedua majalah tersebut berjudulHighEnddanHighEnd Teen.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah pertama berfokus pada identifikasi bentuk klitika yang terjadi pada dua majalah tersebut. Rumusan masalah kedua berkonsentrasi pada proses morfofonemik yang diterapkan pada klitika.

Metode penelitian dari bentuk klitika dan proses morfofonemik ini adalah penelitian empiris karena menggunakan data yang dikumpulkan, yaitu klitika tersebut, sebagai data utama untuk menyelesaikan analisa ini. Kemudian klitika tersebut dikategorikan berdasarkan jenisnya dengan menerapkan teori dari Kim (1998). Sementara itu, analisa kedua berkaitan dengan proses morfofonemik yang diterapkan pada klitika dengan mengaplikasikan teori oleh Lam (2003).

Pada akhirnya, peneliti menguraikan analisis menjadi sebuah kesimpulan. Yang pertama, ada empat jenis klitika yang terjadi di majalah. Mereka adalah pengurangan auksiliari, kontraksi negatif, kontraksi to-, dan klitika kata ganti. Temuan dari analisa ini menyimpulkan jika pengurangan auksiliari sebagai tipe klitika yang paling sering terjadi di kedua majalah. Temuan yang kedua adalah ada tiga proses morfofonemik yang diterapkan pada klitika. Proses tersebut adalah penghilangan, perubahan sederhana, dan penambahan fonem.

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CLITICIZATION IN STANDARD ENGLISH: A STUDY ON

ITS FORMS AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree ofSarjana Sastra

In English Letters

DYAH RIZKY MARSHA RAMADHANI

Student Number: 104214079

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

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CLITICIZATION IN STANDARD ENGLISH: A STUDY ON

ITS FORMS AND MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree ofSarjana Sastra

In English Letters

DYAH RIZKY MARSHA RAMADHANI

Student Number: 104214079

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

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A Sariana Sastra llndergraduate Thesis

CLITICIZATION IN

STAIYDARD

ENGLISH: A

STUDY ON

ITS

FORMS

AND MORPHOPHONEMIC

PROCESSES

November 3.2014

November 3,2A14 Co-Advisor

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A Sarjana Sssffo Undergraduate Thesis

CLITICIZATION

IN STAI\IDARI} ENGLISH: A STUDY ON

ITS TORMS

AI{D MORPHOPHONEMIC

PROCESSES

DYAH RIZKY MARSHA RAMADHANI

Student Number: l04,zt 4A79 Defended before the Board of Examiners

OnNovember 24,2414

Acceptable

Secretary

Member 1 Member2 Memkr 3

Yogyakarta Novernber 28, 2Al 4 Faculty of Letters

Sanata Dharma University

Dean

Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I

certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that.

to the best

of

my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text ofthe undergraduate thesis

Yogyakarta, November 3, 201 4

D-yah Rirky Marsha Ramadhani

T-r

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LEMBAR PER}IYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKAI}EMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama

: Dyah Rizky Marsha Ramadhani

NomorMahasiswa : 104214079

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

CLITICIZATION

IN

STANDARD

ENGLISII: A

STUDY ON

ITS

FORMS

AND MORPHOPHONEMIC

PROCESSES

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma

hak

untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan

mempublikasikannya

di

internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta

ijin

kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 3 November 2014

Dyah Rizky Marsha Ramadhani

vi Yang

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vii

LIVE LIFE SO WELL THAT EVEN

DEATH LOVES TO SEE YOU

EXIST

(

ANONYMOUS

₎

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-littleswindler.tumblr.com-viii

DEDICATED TO ALL ORDINARY

PEOPLE WHO TRY TO CHANGE THE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to the almighty God for His blessing, caring, and everything upon my life. Because of the given chance to make me ever existed in this world, I am able to enjoy this wonderful yet challenging life of mine.

Second, I would like to express my gratitude and respect for my family members: my father, my mother, and my brother. I thank them for becoming the first humans I ever meet in this world. Also for my cats which have ever been my cute, lovely friends.

I would like to address my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. and my co-advisor Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for their advice and guidance in order to complete this thesis.

I would like to appreciate all English Letters lecturers and staff for their companion in this past four years during my study in Sanata Dharma University. Furthermore, I thank all my comrades in Class C of 2010 for the fabulous years together. I also would like to express my special gratitude for Hanny, Wulan, and Chiko for being such great friends. I will never forget our togetherness, love-hate relationships, and spectacular college life. Afterwards, I would like to express my biggest gratitude for Lenny for her caring, support, printing equipments, and for always warns me to finish this thesis quickly. I also would like to thank Mbak Putri, Cory, and Lidya for the unforgettable madness in Gelatik 8.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE... ii

APPROVAL PAGE... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH... vi

MOTTO PAGE... vii

DEDICATION OF PAGE... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS... x

LIST OF TABLES... xii

ABSTRACT... xiii

ABSTRAK... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study... 3

D. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ... 6

1. English Cliticization and Intonational Phrase (Kim, 1998) ... 6

2. Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning (McCarthy, 2005)... 8

B. Review of Related Theories... 9

1. Theory on Cliticization ... 9

1.1. Theory of Auxiliary Reduction... 9

a. The rule glide deletion ... 10

b. Initial observations on auxiliary reduction ... 10

c. Restrictions on auxiliary reduction: preceding context ... 11

1.2. Theory of Contracted Forms in Negative Contraction ... 11

1.3. Theory of to- Contraction ... 14

1.4. Theory of Pronominal Clitics ... 14

2. Theory of Morphophonemic Changes ... 15

a. Simple change of phonemes ... 15

b. Loss of phonemes ... 16

c. Assimilation and dissimilation... 16

d. Addition of the phonemes... 16

e. Synthesis ... 17

f. Stress shift and gradation ... 17

g. Suppletion ... 17

C. Theoretical Framework... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY... 19

A. Object of the Study ... 19

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C. Method of the Study ... 21

1. Data Collection ... 21

2. Data Analysis ... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS... 24

A. The Clitics Forms... 24

1. Auxiliary Reduction... 28

2. Negative Contraction ... 31

3. to- Contraction ... 34

4. Pronominal Clitics ... 35

B. Morphophonemic Processes Which Are Applied to the Clitics ... 36

1. Auxiliary Reduction... 36

a. Isandhas... 37

i. Is... 38

ii. Has... 39

b. Would... 40

c. Am... 41

d. Are... 41

e. Will... 42

f. Have... 42

2. Negative Contraction ... 43

3. to- Contraction ... 45

4. Pronominal Clitics ... 46

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION... 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY... 49

APPENDICES... 51

Appendix 1: Information of the Magazines... 51

Appendix 1.1: Cover Page ofHighEndMagazine ... 51

Appendix 1.2: Cover Page ofHighEndTeen Magazine ... 52

Appendix 2: Table of the Occurrences of Cliticizations in Magazines... 53

Appendix 2.1: Table of the Cliticizations inHighEndMagazine... 53

Appendix 2.2: Table of the Cliticizations inHighEnd TeenMagazine... 58

Appendix 3: Table of Data Classification Based on Types of Cliticizations... 67

Appendix 3.1: Table of the Types of Cliticizations in HighEnd Magazine ... 67

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xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The list of negative contraction in auxiliaries and modal verbs ... 12

Table 2. Types of cliticization inHighEndmagazine ... 27

Table 3. Types of cliticization inHighEnd Teenmagazine... 27

Table 4. Auxiliary reduction inHighEndmagazine ... 29

Table 5. Auxiliary reduction inHighEnd Teenmagazine ... 30

Table 6. Negative contraction inHighEndmagazine ... 33

Table 7. Negative contraction inHighEnd Teenmagazine ... 34

Table 8. to- contraction inHighEndandHighEnd Teenmagazines ... 35

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xiii

ABSTRACT

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xiv

ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Morphology is one of the major subfields of linguistics. It is the study about the forms and structures of words (Mathews, 1991:22). It refers to the way words are constructed with stems, prefixes, and suffixes. In morphology, there are some common morphological phenomena like affixation, cliticization, internal change, suppletion, stress and tone placement, reduplication, compounding, and so on. In this paper, the writer will explain one of those phenomena which are now often used by every people who speak and write in English. It is cliticization. Clitics are now common to be used in either verbal or non-verbal communication. In this study, the writer will explain about the forms of clitics and the morphophonemic processes which occur in clitics.

A clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word. Cliticizations (or contractions), in morphosyntax, is a process by which a complex word is formed by attaching a clitic to a fully inflected word (Kim, 1998:429).

Morphophonemic is the branch of morphology, deals with the variation in the forms of morphemes because of phonetic factor (Lam, 2003:5). Meaning to say, it concerns with the phonemic shapes which represent the morphemes. In order to understand the morphophonemic of clitics, it is considered to analyze not only the morphology factor but also the phonology factor. This will help to set up

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a single essential representation for the morpheme and to formulate rules that will obtain the appropriate pronunciation for any particular context.

In this research, the researcher took two Indonesian monthly magazines which use English as the primary language in almost the whole articles. They are

HighEnd and HighEnd Teen magazine which are published in the same month, January 2014, as the first publication of year 2014. These two magazines are published by the same publication, P.T. MNI Entertainment. However, the target readers of these two magazines are different. HighEnd magazine aims the adults from upper class society as the target readers by saying that the people featured in the magazine are the people who are high class like them, while HighEnd Teen

magazine aims the teenagers who are interested in international life style. Cliticization is used in order to simplify the pronunciation of function words. The researcher analyzes the clitics that are used in both of the magazines and categorizing the forms of the clitics. After being categorized, the researcher analyzes the morphophonemic process of how the clitics could be formed. Then it will be compared to find out that the use of clitics will bring an impact towards the contents of the two magazines.

Clitics are often being compared with affixes due to their similarity. However, both of them are different. There are several researches about clitics, and many of the researchers are identifying clitics by using other languages but English to compare. However, present researches did not specify the clitics clearly enough. Therefore, this topic is chosen because people are not aware that the occurrence of clitics may give a certain impact towards some words or even the

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contents of articles, also about the characteristics and how the clitics could be formed by attaching to some words.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to be more focused in analyzing the issue, the researcher formulates the problems of this study based on the above explanation as follows: 1. What are the clitics forms inHighEndandHighEnd Teenmagazines?

2. What morphophonemic processes are applied to the cliticizations?

C. Objectives of the Study

In accordance with the above problems formulation, there are two objectives in this study. The first objective of this study is aimed at identifying the forms of clitics in the two magazines. The description of clitics and the examination of the status of clitics in a general theory of language structure have to be differentiated by distinguishing clitics from affixes and independent words.

As the first objective begins to analyze clitics morphologically, the second objective of this study is to identify the morphophonemic process of clitics. This is aimed at describing the occurrence of clitic based on its morphophonemic process. On any further, this objective explains about projecting the underlying representations from the morphophonemic alternations of clitics and to find out the indication of the process whether it leads to a certain meaning or it creates a certain visible pattern.

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D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding and to clarify certain terms, a definition of terms is needed.Morphology as a part of linguistic study has a lot of definitions from some experts.There is a term from Hornby that explains morphology as the study of the morphemes of a language and how they are combined to make words (1974:549), while according to Katamba, morphology is the study of the internal structure of words (1993:2). Another definition from Nida explains that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words (1962:1). Some definitions above have the same point that morphology is a sub discipline study from linguistics that concerns in the process of word formation and refers to the way words are constructed with stems, prefixes, and suffixes. The morphology of something is its forms and structure. The main point of studying morphology is on how to identify morphemes and their distributions and combinations in forming words.

According to Anderson, etymologically, clitic is from a Greek word

klinein, which means to lean or to attach on something. A clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but shows evidence of being phonologically bound to another word (2005:1). Clitics are unable to stand alone as independent forms for phonological reasons. They must be attached to another word in the sentence. The definition of clitics is as follow:

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Clitics are elements which share certain properties of fully fledged words, but which lack the independence usually associated with words. In particular, they

can’t stand alone, but have to be attached phonologically to a host.This makes them look a little like affixes, in particular, inflectional affixes. Typically, clitics are function words, such as modal participles (e.g. interrogative participles), conjunctions, pronominals or auxiliary verbs. Historically, they generally develop from fully fledged words and frequently develop into inflectional affixes (Spencer, 1991:350).

A clitic also may have a non-clitic alternant. There are two forms of clitics. The first is proclitic, which means that the clitic is de-stressed and becomes part of the following word to which it is phonologically joined. The example by Crystal is d’you which is derived from the words do and you (1980:64). The second form of clitics is enclitic, which is de-stressed and phonologically joined at the end of a preceding word to form a single unit. Mish has given the example as inwon’twhich derived from the wordswillandnot(1991:49).

Kim has briefly explained that there are several types of cliticization such as auxiliary reduction, negative contraction, to- contraction and pronominal clitics. Those are all subclasses of the same general process of cliticization. Cliticization simplifies the pronunciations of the function words. It reduces the awareness to function words, helping to make the content words easier to be noticed (2005:429).

O’Grady has clearly explained that a morphophonemicprocess occurs at morpheme boundaries and it involves sounds that are associated with separate phonemes. It also applies to a limited class of forms (2005:143).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three parts. They are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related studies explains the studies done by other researchers on similar topics and examines some theories applied in this thesis. Each study is reviewed to find the resemblances and the dissimilar point of views in order to avoid topics duplication. Review of related theories contains the theories that are used by the researcher for the analysis. Some theories applied are also evaluated and discussed to find a constant base on which this thesis is carried on. The last part of this chapter, theoretical framework, is about the contributions of related theories to the analysis of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. English Cliticization and Intonational Phrase (Kim, 1998)

There are two reviews which are relevant to the present research. The first is the article from Young-Sun Kim from Hanshin University titled English Cliticization and Intonational Phrase. The research was presented at the workshop of the Generative Grammar Circle on December 11th, 1998. This study deals with cliticization in English, which signifies the process of adding a clitic to its host. The term clitic indicates an item which is an unstressed weak element and has the property of cliticizing to its host. Kim suggests that cliticization occurs in

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order to minimize the pronunciation of function words when they are unstressed. There are four types of cliticizations. First is auxiliary reduction, which means that the auxiliaries are reduced to become the clitics of function words. The second is negative contraction, which means that the negatornotis contracted into n’t when attaching to the auxiliaries or modal verbs. Third is to- contraction, which means that the word to is becoming the clitic of a certain verb. The to-contraction is rather complicated to be described, because it is argued that the relation between wanna and want to must be syntactically wrong. Also, the lexicalization accounts of to-contraction are wrong, because wanna and hafta are assumed to be synchronically unrelated to want and have. However, the phonological approach using the intonational phrase can relate the relevant data. Moreover, the last type is pronominal clitics, which is pronounced in verb particle constructions and in dative constructions which behave like clitics. Pronominal clitics are in the course of cliticizing.

The study done by Kim analyzed clitics by their forms and suggested that cliticization applies to the function words and is sensitive to some phonological factors such as stress and phonological boundaries rather than the trace-based adjacency condition in the past. Phonological facts have been mistaken for syntactic ones. Those objectives are similar to the present study done by the researcher. However, this research is to develop from the previous study. This research is different from the above study because this research is aimed at explaining the cliticization not just by morphologically or phonologically but the combination of the two aspects, which is known as morphophonemic.

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2. Taking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning (McCarthy, 2005)

The second review which is also relevant to this research comes from John J. McCarthy from University of Massachusetts. The research was written in an article of Catalan Journal of Linguistics journal volume 4, 2005, entitledTaking a Free Ride in Morphophonemic Learning. The study focuses on the basic learning of morphophonemic process. McCarthy suggested that in morphophonemic learning, the underlying representations influence the grammar and the grammar influences the underlying representations. As learners begin to analyze morphologically complex words, they discover morphophonemic alternations for which the identity map is insufficient. In the article, McCarthy has pursued the idea that learners simultaneously consider various hypotheses about underlying representation, rejecting any for which no grammar is possible and preferring the one that allows the most restrictive grammar. Morphophonemic learning necessarily intersects with phonological opacity which presents its own learning challenges. It remains to be seen whether the proposal developed here can be modified and extended to address this notably thornier problem.

In the last review, the study done by McCarthy is about the basic learning of morphophonemic. The similarity of this study with the present research is on the phonological concerns from analyzing the morphologically complex words. However, this study is different from the present study because the present research analyzes the morphophonemic process by applying the theories of morphophonemic rules or changes that will be specified further.

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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory on Cliticization

According to Stephen R. Anderson in his article entitled Clitics(2010), he clearly explains that the property of being a clitic in this sense is not necessarily a characteristic of a lexical item, but rather of a phonological form which can realize that lexical item. The same item may well have both clitic and non-clitic forms. The classic example of this is the case of the auxiliary verbs in English. Many of these have both full, non-clitic forms (is, has, had, would, will, etc.) and

clitic forms (’s, ’d, ’ll, etc.). From the point of view of the grammar, these are essentially free variants. If a reduced (clitic) form is chosen to lexicalize the auxiliary in a given sentence, however, this may result in prosodic ill-formedness, as a consequence of the impossibility of incorporating the prosodically deficient item into the overall sound structure of the sentence in a well-formed way. Apart from these differential phonological effects, however, the reduced and unreduced auxiliaries are instantiations of the same grammatical element.

1.1 Theory of Auxiliary Reduction

The first type of cliticization, auxiliary reduction, has been clearly analyzed by Arnold M. Zwicky in his bookAuxiliary Reduction in English(1970). In the paper he examines the English contraction rule Auxiliary Reduction, by way of investigating the extent to which it and rules related to it are dependent upon information not available in surface structure, or are restricted by complex conditions referring to syntactic and phonological information available in surface structure. In as much as only a handful of problematic cases are presented in detail

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here (or elsewhere), it shall not attempt to extend phonological theory to accommodate these facts. This extension must wait upon the accumulation of further data of similar type. Further explanation regarding auxiliary reduction can be divided as follows.

a. The rule glide deletion

This rule drops morpheme-initial [h] quite generally, [w] only in will,

would, was, and were, and [ð] in they, them, than, this, these, that, those, and

there. It does not affect [y]. Zwicky (1970:326) briefly mentioned that in slow, careful speech the rule does not apply. At moderate rates of speech it applies to certain unstressed pronouns and auxiliaries (he, him, his, her, have, having, has,

had,will,would,them, and than), and in faster speech it is extended to the other listed forms with [w] and [ð], and to all occurrences of [h] before syllables with relatively weak stress. The vowel following the [h] bears stress, but relatively little in contrast to nearby syllables. The restriction of glide deletion is applied to only a few forms in [ð] and [w]. It does not seem to have an explanation in terms of other facts about English, although considerations of general phonological theory are undoubtedly relevant here, [h] being, in general, more likely to drop than [ð] or [w], and [w] more likely than [y].

b. Initial observations on auxiliary reduction

Zwicky (1970:327) stated that his rule and NOT-Contraction are the most familiar contraction rules of English, the ones regularly represented in the orthography. This section explains that auxiliary reduction applies to eight forms only: is and has, which reduce to [z]; would andhad, which reduce to [d]; have,

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which reduces to [v];am, which reduces to [m];are, which reduces to [r]; andwill, which reduces to [1]. While the reduction of is andhas take places regardless of the nature of the preceding word, the reduction of will, have, am and are are restricted. In non-rhotic dialects of English, the cliticization of are is deleted. According to Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, learners of British English are advised not to use weak forms other than [ju]; [jə] is unusual in Received Pronunciation, while [j] is clearly non-Received Pronunciation. In General American, on the other hand, the weak form [jə] is acceptable. Therefore, the reduction ofare[ar] into‘re[r] is acceptable only in rhotic dialects of English. c. Restrictions on auxiliary reduction: preceding context

In this section, Zwicky (1970:331) stated that the reduction of is and has

takes place regardless of the nature of the preceding word. It is natural to suppose that just as the reduced forms of is/has correspond to the [s z iz] inflectional endings, so the reduced forms of would/had would correspond to the [t d id] inflectional endings, the regular past tense and past participle endings. However, the restrictions on contraction of the remaining forms (will, have, am, are) are even more severe. Auxiliary reduction does not apply to these forms after non-pronouns, even those ending in vowels. The correct generalization is that auxiliary reduction applies to will, have, am, and are only after one of a small set of pronominal form.

1.2 Theory of Contracted Forms in Negative Contraction

Except in formal English, the negator usually occurs in the enclitic contracted formn’t. The theory of negative contraction is derived from Zwicky &

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Pullum’s Cliticization vs. Inflection: English n’t (1983), by the contrasts in between English clitic auxiliaries (e.g. ’s ‘is, has’, ’d ‘would’) and the element

they argue is an inflectional affix,n’tor might be said as‘NEG’.

Zwicky and Pullum (1983:508) have made the list of negative contractions in auxiliaries and modal verbs. The table can be seen as follows:

No Auxiliaries and Modal Verbs

Phonetic Transcription

Negative Contraction Form

Phonetic Transcription

1. do [du] don’t [dont]

2. does [dʌz] doesn’t [dʌzṇt]

3. did [dɪ_d] _didn’t _[dɪ_d_ṇ_t]

4. have [hæv] haven’t [hævṇt]

5. has [hæz] hasn’t [hæzṇt]

6. had [hæd] hadn’t [hædṇt]

7. can [kæn] cannot

can’t

[kænat] [kænt]

8. could [kʊd] couldn’t [kʊdṇt]

9. may [me] — —

10. might [mait] mightn’t [maitṇt]

11. shall [šæl] shan’t [šænt]

12. should [šʊd] shouldn’t [šʊdṇt]

13. will [wɪ_l] _won’t _[wont]

14. would [wʊd] wouldn’t [wʊdṇt]

15. dare [der] daren’t [dernt]

16. must [mʌst] mustn’t [mʌsṇt]

17. need [nid] needn’t [nidṇt]

18. ought [ɔt] oughtn’t [ɔtṇt]

19. am [æm] — —

20. are [ar] aren’t [arnt]

21. is [ɪ_z] _isn’t _[ɪ_z_ṇ_t]

22. was [wʌz] wasn’t [wʌzṇt]

23. were [wṛ] weren’t [wṛnt]

24. — — ain’t [ent]

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Based on the Table 1, the clitic auxiliaries can attach to words of any class that happen to fall at the right edge of the preceding constituent. n’t can only be added to finite forms of auxiliary and modal verbs. Combinations of clitic auxiliaries with preceding material are limited only by the possibilities of the syntax; some combinations of modal plus n’t do not exist (e.g. mayn’t, amn’t) while one (ain’t) does not correspond to a specific non-negative form. Combinations of host plus clitic auxiliary are governed by the regular phonology of English as seen for instance in regular plurals and past tense forms with the endings /z/ and /d/; forms such asdon’t,won’t,can’tandshan’tbear idiosyncratic relations to their non-negative counterparts.

Clitic auxiliaries make the same syntactic and semantic contribution to a sentence as full forms; auxiliaries inn’tcan have idiosyncratic semantics. Thus, in you mustn’t go the negation is within the scope of the modal, while in you can’t

gothe modal is in the scope of negation.

(Zwicky-Pullum, 1983:509) Clitic auxiliaries do not move together with their host. Thus, a question corresponding toI think John’s at the door isWho do you think’s at the door?and not Who’s do you think at the door?. On the other hand, the negated auxiliaries move as a unit. The question corresponding to I haven’t any more bananas is Haven’tyou any more bananas?and notHave youn’t any more bananas?

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Further, clitics are able to be added to other clitics. Take an example in I’d’ve done it if you’d asked me. The English cliticized auxiliaries can attach to material already containing clitics, though the inflectional affixes cannot. However, negative contraction n’t cannot be applied. Thus, I wouldn’t be doing this unless I had tocannot be expressed asI’dn’tbe doing this unless I had to.

(Zwicky-Pullum 1983:507)

1.3 Theory of to- Contraction

The forms represented orthographically as wanna, hafta, gonna, oughta,

usta, and sposta have commonly been analyzed as involving a syntactic rule or cliticization operation called to-contraction. It has been observed that there is a contraction rule permitting the infinitival to to be adjoined to some verbs like

want, yielding forms like wanna. In Pullum’s The Morpholexical Nature of English to-Contraction(1997), to- contraction is analyzed as a morpholexical rule, which suffixes /tu/ become /tə/ to the base lexemes to form derived lexemes such as wanna. He argues that the syntactic accounts of to- contraction are wrong to assume that the relation between wanna and want to must be syntactic. He also argues that the lexicalization accounts of to- contraction are wrong, because

wannaandhaftaare assumed to be synchronically unrelated towantandhave.

1.4 Theory of Pronominal Clitics

Andrew Radford in his book entitledSyntactic Theory and the Structure of English; A Minimal Approach (1997), assumes that verbs can host clitics, but particles cannot. He raises a question as to why verbs are hospitable and particles so inhospitable to the pronouns. The reason that weak pronouns are cliticized to

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the adjacent verbs, not to the particles is correlated with the fact that it is the verb that case-checks the pronoun, not the particle. A head can check its features by adjoining to another head. Since pronouns are heads, weak pronouns also check their case by adjoining directly to the relevant agreement head. The cliticization of the pronoun to the verb is so strong that it holds even in the cases of inseparable particles, which stick together with the verb. Therefore, the cliticization of pronouns with an apostrophe can be seen in the contraction of us inlet’s.

In some cases, pronominal clitics can be possibly occurred in other pronouns like him, them, her, and etc. The pronoun him and them is contracted into /m/, and her is contracted into /r/. However, the usage of those pronouns is less occasional compared tousinlet us.

2. Theory of Morphophonemic Changes

Morphophonemics, a branch of morphology, deals with the variation in the forms of morphemes because of phonetic factor. Another theory is the theory of

morphophonemic changes by Nguyen Tai Lam’s Morphophonemics of English

(2003). This theory explains about seven rules or changes of morphophonemic which can be applied in English cliticization.

a. Simple change of phonemes

This rule defines the final consonant of the base is changed to match the consonant nature of the initial phoneme in the affix. Take a look at path /pæθ/

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b. Loss of phonemes

This rule is described as one or more phoneme is dropped from the original morpheme and its phonological content is altered. The example is in the phoneme /n/ of the negative prefix {in-}, it is lost before the morphemes beginning with sonorant sounds /m/; /r/; /l/ and /n/ (e.g. immobile, irregular,

illimitable). Also, the phoneme /t/ is lost when changing word’s class such adjective to a noun (e.g. different becomes difference, democrat becomes

democracy).

c. Assimilation and dissimilation.

Assimilation is replacing a sound by another sound under the influence of a third sound which is near to it in a word or sentence. Inresist /rɪ_zɪ_{st/ and}_consist

/kənsɪ_{st/, the change of /z/ to /s/ is under the influence of nasal sound /n/. There is}

another change due to assimilation of /n/ becomes /m/ before bilabial sounds /b/, /p/, /m/. Example, in- + possible becomes impossible, in- + perfect becomes

imperfect, in- + moral becomes immoral. Prefix {in-} has the allomorph {im-} before the bilabial sounds /p/, /b/, /m/. Dissimilar to assimilation, dissimilation is the combination of two morphemes which bring together two identical phonemes, resulting in the change of one of them to a phoneme less like its neighbor. Take a glimpse in the word in- + noble becomes ignoble. The Prefix {in-} has the allomorph {ig-} which is the sound is less similar with the phoneme /n/.

d. Addition of the phonemes

This rule applied by adding another phoneme to the phonological content of the morpheme. Take the example as in solemn /sɒləm/ becomes solemnize

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/sɒləmnaɪ_{z/, the phoneme /n/ is added. While,} _long _/l_{ɒ ŋ}_{/ becomes} _longer _/

lɒ ŋgə(r)/. The phoneme /g/ is added. Also sword becomes swordsman; sale

becomessalesgirl;craftbecomescraftsman, the phoneme /s/ is added. e. Synthesis

Synthesis is described as the fusion of the two phonemes brought together by morpheme combination into a single new phoneme. The example can be seen as inmoist/mɔɪ_{st/ + -ure /-ur/ becomes}_moisture_/mɔɪ_st_ʃə_(r)/.

f. Stress shift and gradation

Stress shift is the addition of an affix to a word which is accompanied by a shift in stress, and gradation is the process of derivation including stress shift involves vowel change. Take a look at the example as in línguist becomes

linguistics and symbol becomes symboùlic. Here, the process of derivation including stress shift involves vowel change. This kind of change is called gradation.

g. Suppletion.

This type of morphophonemic change is the occurrence of the allomorph completely different in phonemic structure from the normal form. The essential here is semantic similarity and complementary distribution. Different allomorphs are suppletive forms. The examples as in verbgobecomeswentandsell becomes

soldin past tense.

From all the changes, the changes that are likely to be applied on analyzing the morphophonemic processes of clitics are simple change of phonemes, loss of phonemes, and addition of the phonemes.

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C. Theoretical Framework

In this theoretical framework, the researcher will explain how to solve the problem formulations based on the theories which have been identified in the previous part. To answer the first problem, the study from Young-Sun Kim titled

English Cliticization and Intonational Phrase(1998) explains about the process of adding a clitic to its host which is known as cliticization and also the forms of it. This study contributes to help on the process of the placement or positioning of clitics. Also the theory from Arnold M. Zwicky (1970) about the auxiliary reduction contributes to the modifying process on the phonetic transcription of the clitics. While the theory from Zwicky & Pullum (1983) contributes to identify the negative contraction form of clitics. And also the theory from Pullum (1997) helps to analyze the to- contraction form of clitics. The last theory is from Radford (1997). This theory is about pronominal clitics, which means that pronouns is to be contracted and becomes the clitics of certain verbs. These are relating to the first problem that the researcher wants to analyze further about the forms of clitics.

For the second problem, in order to solve it, the first theory that is needed and could be applied in the study is the Morphophonemic Changes by Lam (2003). This theory is about the rules or regulations of the occurrence of the morphophonemic process. This theory contributes to give the analysis of morphological and phonological process that is known as morphophonemic process on detail. This is related to the second problem which the researcher is aimed at explaining the morphophonemic process of clitics.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher would present a description on the method used in conducting the research. It would help the researcher to get a guidance of doing this research. There are three parts of this chapter namely object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. In the object of the study, the researcher described the aim of this study. In the approach of the study, the researcher explained what approaches that were used and why they were applied to examine the study. In the method of the study, the researcher made the steps of collecting and analyzing the data to answer the problems as stated in problem formulation.

A. Object of the Study

Based on the problem formulations stated in Chapter I, this research focused on the occurrence of clitics in English words. The data are from two different magazines, HighEnd and HighEnd Teen, on the same edition January 2014. Then, both of the magazines were compared with some aspects regarding the cliticization which occurs in the two magazines. Therefore, by the analysis, the researcher would give further explanation and details about the data separately in order to get the exact information from the two different magazines. Moreover, this study also identified the morphophonemic processes on clitics. The data,

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which were the cliticizations form the two magazines, were classified into each types of clitics and then the morphophonemic processes were analyzed.

The data were collected from the cliticization in the two magazines. Also, the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – 7th edition and the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary were used in order to consult the meaning and the phonetic transcription. One of the dictionaries was used as a back-up dictionary, in case the other one did not have the certain details on the meaning or phonetic transcription. Therefore, it was better to consult two dictionaries rather than only one dictionary.

B. Approach of the Study

The study used morphology and phonology as the approach. The researcher used those approaches because they were related to each other. In morphology, the study presented word formation process to lead the step of analyzing this research. Morphology is a study of the word-structure with the morpheme as the smallest unit of the language. The morphological approach was applied to the data as morphologic units to analyze. Morphological approach was used in order to identify the forms of clitics. So, morphological approach was suitable for this study because it learned about how to establish the word from the morpheme. Phonology is a study of sound pattern. Besides, phonological approach is identified to help how the sounds produced and what types of sound would be considered to change the feature location. The phonological approach was used by treating the data as the phonologic units to identify, in which the

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researcher identified the morphophonemic process by using both morphological and phonological approach.

C. Method of the Study

The method of this study of clitics form and morphophonemic process was an empirical research because it used the collected data as the primary data for accomplishing the analysis. There are two parts in making the comprehensible data. They are data collection and data analysis. In data collection, the researcher described the steps of how the data were found and give some samples of the data by table in appendix. In data analysis, the researcher analyzed the data which had been gathered previously.

1. Data Collection

In order to collect the complete data in detail, the researcher bought the two magazines in a certain bookstore. Then, the researcher read the two of them carefully while meticulously noting the clitics which occurred in both of magazines separately. The researcher was categorizing the clitics that were noted according to the types. The clitics were listed in accordance of paging order. Then, the data were checked on the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to ensure that the data were definite. In total, the researcher found 100 data in HighEnd

magazine and 250 data inHighEnd Teenmagazine.

The researcher considered to find the phonetic transcription with the purpose of understanding how the words are pronounced. The researcher used

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Longman Pronunciation Dictionary to write down the phonetic transcription. As of the previously data taken from the magazines, all words were transcribed.

2. Data Analysis

With the purpose of answering the Problem Formulation which was stated before, the researcher took four steps in analyzing the collected data. The first step was for solving the first problem. It was by gathering the basic information about the magazines and later by identifying the contents of the magazines.

The second step, that was for classifying the forms of clitics. The words that were served as the data were analyzed by the forms of the clitics. This step was by categorizing the clitics one by one, whether they belonged to the certain forms or the others. This step was also used in order to solve the first problem. This step also applied the theory of auxiliary reduction by Zwicky (1970), theory of negative contraction by Zwicky and Pullum (1983), theory ofto-contraction by Pullum (1997), and the theory of pronominal clitics by Radford (1997).

The third step was used to answer the second problem. The clitics that were collected and categorized based on the forms were later being identified by the derived words that formed the clitics.

The fourth step, which is the last step, the clitics that occurred in the data was examined by the morphophonemic process of its occurrence. That was by analyzing the morphemic process or the morpheme that constructed the words and phonemic process or the modified phonetic transcription of the clitics. The theory of morphophonemic changes by Lam (2003) was applied in this step. This step also identified the morphophonemic process in the cliticization. This means that

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this study is identifying the clitics not only based on their morpheme but also on their phoneme. In any further, the combination of both morphemic and phonemic processes is essential in analyzing further about the phenomena.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In order to understand how the analysis answers the problems in depth, this chapter will be divided into two based on the problem formulations which were formulated as follows: 1) What are the clitics forms in HighEnd and

HighEnd Teenmagazines? 2) What morphophonemic processes are applied to the clitics? Therefore, with the reference to the two problem formulations, this chapter intends to discuss the result of the analysis regarding the clitics forms in the two magazines and the morphophonemic processes which are applied to the clitics. Then, this research aims to achieve the understandings of the language phenomena comprehensively.

A. The Clitics Forms

The data that were collected from HighEnd magazine have exactly 100 words from 85 sentences (see appendix I). The words were taken from the beginning of the page, that is the cover, until the last page or known as back cover. It had supposed to find the words which are cliticized. This magazine has 180 pages in the entire sheet. In total, there are 15 sections which contain clitics. They are table of contents, from the editor desk, contributors, first look, advertorial,

style, beauty, his style, five senses, men’s muse, people, HighEnd medieval marvels, scene, art, and last look. The section which contains clitics which are occurred the most is people, with 35 clitics. However, the researcher did not find

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all the types of cliticization in HighEnd magazine. There are only three types of cliticization occurred. They are auxiliary reduction, negative contraction, and to-contraction. The cliticization of pronominal clitics do not exist in the magazine.

The data that were gathered from HighEnd Teenmagazine have precisely 250 words from 202 sentences (see appendix I). Same as the previous magazine, the words were taken from the cover until the back cover of the magazine. It also had expected to find all the types of cliticization in the magazine. Different from the previous magazine, HighEnd Teen has 148 pages in the whole sheet. This magazine also has more sections that contain clitics. There are 25 sections in total. They are cover, advertorial, chief says, calendar, fashion news, mix and match, teen socialite, designer, fashion item, fashion, beauty, cover story, cinema, hottie

of the month, music, hangout, school, list, smart, tips, relationship, editor’s pick,

grooming tips, snapshot, and celebrity quotes. The section which contains clitics which are occurred the most is cover story, with 36 clitics. Unlike HighEnd

magazine, in this magazine all types of cliticization were found inside. It also has more clitics compared to the previous one.

The cliticizations which are taken as the data in the two magazines are taken by each sentence. Then, it is categorized based on the types of clitics. The example and explanation can be seen below:

3-HE/11/ToC/1/1 Megan young also gave us an update on

whatshe’sbeen up to.

As seen in 3-HE/11/ToC/1/1, one sentence as the example contains only one clitic,she’s. In this cliticization,she functions as the head and‘sfunctions as

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the clitic. However, it is also possible to have more than one clitic in a sentence. We can see the example below:

3-HET/24/Cal/8/8 She’sone of the most stylish woman

I’vemet in my life.

3-HET/24/Cal/8/9 She’sone of the most stylish woman

I’vemet in my life.

In 3-HET/24/Cal/8/8 and 3-HET/24/Cal/8/9, we can see that there are two clitics occurred in one sentence, she’s and I’ve. The two of them belong to the same type, auxiliary reduction. Nevertheless, it is still possible to have different types of cliticization in a same sentence. Take a look at the example beneath:

3-HE/101/MM/36/39

It’s always a good idea to have your eyes on the road when you’re driving, but what if something happens thatisn’t

your wrongdoing, and the only eyewitness is you?

3-HE/101/MM/36/40

It’s always a good idea to have your eyes on the road when you’re driving, but what if something happens thatisn’t

your wrongdoing, and the only eyewitness is you?

3-HE/101/MM/36/41

It’s always a good idea to have your eyes on the road when you’re driving, but what if something happens that

isn’t your wrongdoing, and the only

eyewitness is you?

According to the example 3-HE/101/MM/36/39, 3-HE/101/MM/36/40, and 3-HE/101/MM/36/41, we can find three clitics in the same sentence which one of them belongs to a different type. It’s and you’re belong to auxiliary reduction. On the other hand,isn’tbelongs to negative contraction.

Based on the data, the researcher compiles all the clitics in the two magazines and classified them according to the types. Then, the researcher

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compares three things which are based on the two magazines. First is the amount of clitics, second is the type of cliticization which is occurred the most, and third is the cliticize word that exists the most compared to the other cliticize words. At the end, the data can be shown in a table as follows:

TYPES OF

CLITICIZATION OCCURENCES PERCENTAGE

Auxiliary reduction 75 75%

Negative contraction 24 24%

to- contraction 1 1%

Pronominal clitics 0 0%

TOTAL 100 100%

Table 2. Types of cliticization inHighEndmagazine

In total HighEnd magazine has 100 clitics. From the number of occurrences shown above, we can see that auxiliary reduction is the largest cliticization which occurred in the magazine. Negative contraction comes in second, and to- contraction comes in third. However, the researcher could not find any types of pronominal clitics in it.

A similar table for the comparison between the two magazines will be presented as follows:

TYPES OF

CLITICIZATION OCCURENCES PERCENTAGE

Auxiliary reduction 187 74%

Negative contraction 57 23%

to- contraction 1 1%

Pronominal clitics 5 2%

TOTAL 250 100%

Table 3. Types of cliticization inHighEnd Teenmagazine

The above table is the comparison table for HighEnd Teenmagazine. We can see that this magazine has more clitics compared to HighEnd. Even the amount of clitics is more than double to previous magazine. However, this

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magazine has a similarity. Auxiliary reduction and negative contraction come in first and second, same as the earlier. Also to- contraction have the same amount with the previous magazine. On the contrary, HighEnd does not have any pronominal clitics, HighEnd Teen has five pronominal clitics which make that type as the third largest clitics in it.

Previously, a brief introductory for clitics forms are given. However, in order to answer the first problem formulation in comprehensible explanations, the first analysis which discusses the forms of clitics occurred within the two magazines will be specified in subchapters according to each types of cliticization. The researcher uses the theory of the forms suggested by Kim (1998:8). He states that there are four types of cliticization: auxiliary reduction, negative contraction, to- contraction, and pronominal clitics.

1. Auxiliary Reduction

This subchapter will give explanations regarding auxiliary reduction. The theory that will be applied in this subchapter is the theory from Zwicky (1970).

As seen in the comparison table previously, auxiliary reduction is the most cliticization which occurred in both of the two magazines with more than half total occurrences respectively. This is sufficiently proven that auxiliary reduction is the cliticization which is mainly used in the two magazines. However, to get the exact number and further details about what kind of auxiliaries which are contracted, another table concerning auxiliary reduction inHighEndmagazine can be seen as follows:

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NO CONTRACTED

AUXILIARIES OCCURENCES PERCENTAGE

1. It’s 19 19%

2. That’s 16 16%

3. I’m 15 15%

4. You’d 3 3%

5. You’re 3 3%

6. Who’s 3 3%

7. You’ll 3 3%

8. You’ve 2 2%

9. She’s 1 1%

10. We’ll 1 1%

11. What’s 1 1%

12. I’d 1 1%

13. We’ve 1 1%

14. We’re 1 1%

15. There’s 1 1%

16. I’ve 1 1%

17. He’s 1 1%

18. They’re 1 1%

19. Sue nie’s been 1 1%

TOTAL 75 75%

Table 4. Auxiliary reduction inHighEndmagazine

From the table above, it’s becomes the most auxiliary that is contracted with 19 occurrences. Then, that’s turns out to be the second most contracted auxiliary with 16 occurrences, whereas I’m ranks on third with 15 occurrences. There are also four auxiliary reductions which have the same three occurrences, they are you’d, you’re, who’s and you’ll. There is also a single auxiliary that happens to have two occurrences, you’ve. The rest eleven auxiliaries which are contracted have one occurrences respectively, they are she’s, we’ll, what’s, I’d,

we’ve, we’re, there’s, I’ve, he’s, and they’re. In this magazine there is one occurrence of a clitic which the head is not a pronoun but name of a person. It is

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Afterwards, the auxiliary reduction in HighEnd Teenmagazine can also be seen in the identical table as follows:

NO CONTRACTED

AUXILIARIES OCCURENCES PERCENTAGE

1. It’s 58 23%

2. You’re 26 9%

3. I’m 21 8%

4. She’s 13 4%

5. That’s 10 4%

6. You’ll 8 3%

7. There’s 7 2%

8. What’s 6 2%

9. Here’s 5 2%

10. We’ve 5 2%

11. We’re 4 1%

12. He’s 4 1%

13. I’ve 3 1%

14. They’re 3 1%

15 We’ll 2 1%

16. I’d 2 1%

17. Who’s 2 1%

18. She’ll 1 1%

19. She’d 1 1%

20. He’ll 1 1%

21. You’d 1 1%

22. We’d 1 1%

23. They’ve 1 1%

24. I’ll 1 1%

25. You’ve 1 1%

TOTAL 187 74%

Table 5. Auxiliary reduction inHighEnd Teenmagazine

Based on the table above, we can see that in HighEnd Teen magazine,it’s

becomes the number one contracted auxiliaries with 58 occurrences and percentage 23%. This is a quite higher number compared to the latter with only 19%. On the other hand, you’re becomes the second most contracted auxiliary with 26 occurrences and percentage 9%. This is also a quite higher number compared to the you’re in HighEnd magazine which only acquires 3% from the

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data in total. After that, same as HighEnd, I’m becomes the third most occurred contracted auxiliary in HighEnd Teen with 21 occurrences, whereas she’s turns out to be the next with 13 occurrences. That’s comes out fifth with ten occurrences, while you’ll comes next with eight occurrences. Two contracted auxiliaries comes out afterward, they are there’s with seven occurrences and

what’s with six occurrences respectively. Next, there are also two contracted auxiliaries which have five occurrences. They are here’s and we’ve following by

we’reandhe’sin the next with four occurrences. Two contracted auxiliaries have the same three occurrences, they areI’veandthey’re. Subsequently, there are also three contracted auxiliaries who have the same occurrence. They are we’ll, I’d, and who’s with two occurrences. The rest eight contracted auxiliaries have one occurrence correspondingly, they areshe’ll,she’d,he’ll,you’d,we’d,they’ve,I’ll, andyou’ve.

2. Negative Contraction

Negative contraction becomes the second most cliticization which occurred in both of the magazines. However, between auxiliary reduction and negative contraction occurs a certain pattern for their occurrence in the data. The example can be seen as follows:

3-HET/76/CS/38/47 “It’s not an aggressive approach to

what people are probably expecting.”

As seen in 3-HET/76/CS/38/47, there are two possible cliticizations in the sentence, auxiliary reduction and negative contraction. The possible first form, that is the auxiliary reduction, is it’s not which is shown in the example. The

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115. They’re Auxiliary Reduction

94 School 91. Actuallythat’smy first time to ride a plane andit’sso far away.

116. That’s Auxiliary Reduction 117. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 94 School 92. At first, I felt a bit self-conscious about it,

because Icouldn’tspeak English fluently. 118. Couldn’t

Negative Contraction 94 School 93. But there I met many friends and apparently

they’revery welcoming. 119. They’re

Auxiliary Reduction

94 School 94.

I’minterested in her becauseshe’sa young girl who is so excited to make her own costume and wear it lively thoughit’sbit heavy.

120. I’m Auxiliary

Reduction 121. She’s Auxiliary Reduction 122. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 94 School 95. I always feel thatI’ma lucky boy. 123. I’m Auxiliary Reduction 94 School 96. It’squite difficult to get the permit to take

pictures of them. 124. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

94 School 97.

I did some research and talked a lot with many people around, including some thugs, becauseI’mtrying to grab the photos from three points of view, the government, community, and business sides.

125. I’m Auxiliary

Reduction

95 School 98. Thoughit’san annual competition, but this

year they held this event quite differently. 126. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

95 School 99.

Warm welcome was given by the leader of committee from Munich, Germany, through a video, because at that time hecouldn’tbe there due to a scholarship program.

127. Couldn’t Negative Contraction

96 School 100.

Let’stake a peek into the Greek housing scene in universities across North America, particularly in the U.S.

128. Let’s Pronominal Clitics 96 School 101. It’sabout time we get enlightened. 129. It’s Auxiliary

Reduction 97 School 102. Don’tmake our shortcomings a hindering

weakness. 130. Don’t

Negative Contraction

97 School 103.

That’smore or less you can learn from Angkie Yudistia, a beautiful young lady who despite her limitations in hearing still manages to stand tall and achieve wonders.

131. That’s Auxiliary Reduction

97 School 104.

“Idon’tthink so,I’lljust let them continue to shine in their amazing scientific world while I carry on in my Communications world,” she explains at the book launching event.

132. Don’t Negative Contraction 133. I’ll Auxiliary

Reduction

99 List 105.

The Grace of Monaco follows the beautiful actress asshe’sfacing her marriage and identity crisis in the middle of France’s invasion of Monaco in 1960’s.

134. She’s Auxiliary Reduction 99 List 106. Ifyou’revisiting around Grand Prix time,

book in advance for tickets. 135. You’re

Auxiliary Reduction 99 List 107. Youdon’twannamiss the city circuit. 136. Don’t Negative

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137. Wanna to-contraction

100 List 108.

“The point is that when I see a sunset or a waterfall or something, for a split second

it’sso great, because for a little bitI’mout of my brain, andit’sgot nothing to do with me.”

138. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

139. I’m Auxiliary

Reduction 140. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 100 List 109. “We’vehad it in New Mexico,we’vehad

Thanksgivings in L.A.”

141. We’ve Auxiliary Reduction 142. We’ve Auxiliary Reduction 100 List 110. Don’tlook too far. 143. Don’t Negative

Contraction 100 List 111. Check out local museums or parks you

haven’tvisited yet. 144. Haven’t

Negative Contraction

100 List 112. Don’t_you’reforget to try something new while there.

145. Don’t Negative Contraction 146. You’re Auxiliary

Reduction

101 List 113. It’stea time. 147. It’s Auxiliary

Reduction 102 Smart 114. Andhere’swhy we call the experience as

the best drive ever. 148. Here’s

Auxiliary Reduction

102 Smart 115.

“Everyone nowadays has smartphone and

it’sreally important to be safe while staying connected.”

149. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

102 Smart 116.

“Ifyou’renot an enthusiastic driver, driving the New Fiesta EcoBoost makes you feel like a better driver.”

150. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

102 Smart 117.

“Ifyou’rean enthusiastic driver, the care must be rewarding and fun,” promises Trevor.

151. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 102 Smart 118. So now we knowit’spossible to fall in love

at first drive. 152. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

103 Smart 119. It’sfun to both sit and drive. 153. It’s Auxiliary

Reduction 103 Smart 120. It’sjust what happens when you have

EcoBoost Engine in your Ford Fiesta. 154. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

103 Smart 121.

In short,it’slike what Trevor says during the media briefing before we get to sit behind the wheel.

155. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 104 Smart 122. Need to get your body movin’ butdon’t

have time for a full workout at the gym? 156. Don’t

Negative Contraction 104 Smart 123. Here’sone that needs about 7 minutes of

your time. 157. Here’s

Auxiliary Reduction

105 Smart 124.

It’stime to put on your cutest PJs and take out your fluffy pillows, becauseit’stime for a girls-only talk.

158. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 159. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

105 Smart 125.

As a gal, keeping your feminine area clean is super important, even ifyou’restill a teen.

160. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

(3)

105 Smart 126. It’spH-balancing, which should be around

3.5–4.5. 161. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

105 Smart 127.

It’smade of natural ingredients and safe for everyday use, like the hypoallergenic natural essential in fragrance in Prive products.

162. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

105 Smart 128.

We’renot digging the new body obsession craze; the “thigh gap”, in which slender legs, when standing with feet together, do not touch.

163. We’re Auxiliary Reduction

105 Smart 129.

What youdon’tsee is the cost trying to get it: self-esteem problems that can lead to eating disorders, depression and even suicide.

164. Don’t Negative Contraction

105 Smart 130.

Moreover, an article on babble.com revealed thatit’smore about bone structure than the amount of weight or fat you carry.

165. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 106 Tips 131. Whatyou’llneed 166. You’ll Auxiliary Reduction 106 Tips 132. It will tie around the bundle whenit’srolled

up. 167. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction 106 Tips 133. You’vegot your own travel toothbrush

holder! 168. You’ve

Auxiliary Reduction 107 Tips 134. This shows that foreign influences in

Indonesiaaren’tall bad after all. 169. Aren’t

Negative Contraction 108 Tips 135. Like in real life, once you play stubborn,_you’ll

fail to reach the target. 170. You’ll

Auxiliary Reduction

108 Tips 136.

The player has a big chance to move balls with their feet or miscalculate when the number of shots they have played exceeds five per hole, without no one knowing, but theydon’tdo it.

171. Don’t Negative Contraction

108 Tips 137.

Don’talways try to hit the ball too far at an early stage, just learn from the basic technique step by step, like putting, chipping, pitching or full swinging.

172. Don’t Negative Contraction 108 Tips 138. Don’tgive up! 173. Don’t Negative

Contraction 108 Tips 139. You could buy the second hand stick and it

won’tbe too expensive. 174. Won’t

Negative Contraction

109 Tips 140.

Whenyou’replaying soccer, there must be a few aspects that you are most concerned about.

175. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

109 Tips 141.

Yes,you’reright;it’sthe lightest football boots from Adidas that are also chosen by top players such as Lionel Messi.

176. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 177. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

109 Tips 142.

A revolutionary material from Adidas which is super-thin, super-light and also

comfortable, speed foil gives you more comfort and grip whenyou’resprinting.

178. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

110 Tips 143.

It’sgot noice-reducing features that let you record better quality stereo audio in the loudest environments (say, at the concert of your fave musician).

179. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 110 Tips 144. Allthat’sleft is fresh, delicious eats. 180. That’s Auxiliary Reduction

(4)

111 Tips 145.

It’sequipped with 3-inch monitor Approx 921K-Dot, Expeed 3A imagine processing engine, and Full HD 1080P movie recording.

181. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 111 Tips 146. If you look closer,you’llsee that Agni is

wearing a bracelet mae of USB flashdisks. 182. You’ll

Auxiliary Reduction 111 Tips 147. Nowthat’shi-tech haute couture. 183. That’s Auxiliary Reduction 111 Tips 148. Blackberry Z30: Share likeyou’rethere 184. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 111 Tips 149. We’veflipped the page to 2014, buthere’s

one last summary of 2013 in web searches.

185. We’ve Auxiliary Reduction 186. Here’s Auxiliary Reduction

113 Tips 150.

Find out what you need to make your dream come true, and Hero will explain how by following your dream,you’lldiscover who you really are, and whyyou’rehere.

187. You’ll Auxiliary Reduction 188. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

113 Tips 151.

You can even name your boards, soit’s

easier if one day you want to look back on the things you have found.

189. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 113 Tips 152. You’rewelcome! 190. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 114 Relationship 153. Perhapsyou’refeeling it right now. 191. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 114 Relationship 154.

So,it’spretty normal when we fall in love at first sight, we instantly become excited to know more about them.

192. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 114 Relationship 155. It’slike a great challenge to know their

identity or even just BBM pin. 193. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction

114 Relationship 156.

Ifyou’relucky enough, youdon’tjust get their phone number, but also get their heart and love.

194. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 195. Don’t Negative

Contraction 114 Relationship 157.

Butit’snot over yet, a good interaction and communication skill will be needed for your relationship to run well.

196. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 114 Relationship 158.

You may thinkit’sa mystical experience of unity, when you see your crush for the first time and you fall in love immediately.

197. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

114 Relationship 159. For example,you’reclose with your father, so you will find a guythat’ssimilar to him.

198. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 199. That’s Auxiliary Reduction 115 Relationship 160. It’sonly your passion or desire doing the

job here. 200. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction 115 Relationship 161.

The question now is whether you fall in love at first sight orit’sjust a first impression.

201. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 115 Relationship 162.

It’sthe time for you to know each other and adapt with your partner, accept his or her characteristics and vice versa.

202. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 115 Relationship 163. Ifthere’sno problem, commit to it and be

in a happy and long-lasting relationship. 203. There’s

Auxiliary Reduction 116 Relationship 164. Before you say “No way”,here’swhat to

do and what not to do during family trips. 204. Here’s

Auxiliary Reduction

(5)

116 Relationship 165. You’llstart liking this family tradition. 205. You’ll Auxiliary Reduction 116 Relationship 166. It’seasier to fight with someone. 206. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

116 Relationship 167. Theydon’tmean it. 207. Don’t Negative

Contraction 116 Relationship 168.

Even thoughit’sa family trip, make sure to schedule some time apart; maybe your cousin wants to go shopping, your Grandparents can enjoy an afternoon in.

208. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

116 Relationship 169. No matter how your family gets on your

nerves, family holidaysdon’tcome often. 209. Don’t

Negative Contraction

117 Relationship 170. Don’tfrown! 210. Don’t Negative

Contraction 117 Relationship 171.

Mingle with everyone,you’llmiss family trips like this whenyou’realready grown up.

211. You’ll Auxiliary Reduction 212. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 117 Relationship 172.

Don’tmiss out on the priceless moments with your family just becauseyou’rebusy tweeting or posting Instagram pictures.

213. Don’t Negative Contraction 214. You’re Auxiliary

Reduction 117 Relationship 173.

Yes, your cousin may be annoying, but embrace it because one dayyou’lllook back and realize that youwouldn’twant anyone else to be your cousin.

215. You’ll Auxiliary Reduction 216. Wouldn’t Negative

Contraction 117 Relationship 174.

Ifyou’regoing to USA, Yelp is the most helpful source to find great local restaurants or events.

217. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 117 Relationship 175. She’sa friend of a friend and my friend

introduced her to me. 218. She’s

Auxiliary Reduction 117 Relationship 176. That’swrong though, until, we graduated,

we never had a special relationship. 219. That’s

Auxiliary Reduction 118 Editor’s pick 177.

Modena Air purifier Salute AP 4023 with Puresense Technologyisn’tonly providing you with clean air, it also rids the bad smell from your room.

220. Isn’t Negative Contraction 118 Editor’s pick 178. Now,you’llbe able to strut around in style

without hurting your feet. 221. You’ll

Auxiliary Reduction 118 Editor’spick 179.

Ifyou’reheaded to Surabaya for the holidays, you might want to consider strategic location for a place to stay.

222. You’re Auxiliary Reduction 118 Editor’s pick 180. It’sa nightmare combing out hair in the

morning and finding it tangled. 223. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction 131 Mix and

match 181.

Let’smix and match with your favorite

pants or skirt. 224. Let’s

Pronominal Clitics 135 Grooming

tips 182.

Throwing crisp spirals or completing a dozen pull-upsaren’tprerequisites for acquiring athlete’s foot.

225. Aren’t Negative Contraction 135 Grooming

tips 183.

You must wear shower shoes or sandals whenyou’rein locker rooms and public showers.

226. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

135 Grooming

tips 184.

Don’tforget to wash your feet especially the space between the toes with a quality soap and dry meticulously when finish.

227. Don’t Negative Contraction

(6)

138 Snapshot 185.

Even though the rain was pouring hard, it

didn’tstop people from enjoying the superb DWP lineup from Zedd, David Guetta, Alesso, Showtek and many more.

228. Didn’t Negative Contraction

146 Celebrity

quotes 186.

It takes courage to step out of your comfort zone and search for somethingyou’re

passionate about.

229. You’re Auxiliary Reduction

146 Celebrity

quotes 187.

“To be honest,it’snot the type of music that I want to make, but the type that I wanted to show others.”

230. It’s Auxiliary Reduction

146 Celebrity

quotes 188.

“There’snothing more exciting for an actor than a chance to lose, to be someone who has lost–especially ifit’ssomeone who

starts off with a veneer of control.”

231. There’s Auxiliary Reduction 232. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 189.

“Idon’tconsider myself as entering the

overseas market yet.” 233. Don’t

Negative Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 190.

“It’sjust that I have been getting more offers to perform overseas, and I have earned a lot from it.”

234. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 191.

“Ican’teat pasta like I used to, even, like, a

month ago.” 235. Can’t

Negative Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 192. “It’stoo much.” 236. It’s

Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 193.

“When I first joined [Baby V.O.X.], I

didn’tknow that it had a sexy concept.” 237. Didn’t

Negative Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 194.

“I was uncomfortable and upset because I

didn’tlook good in sexy outfits.” 238. Didn’t

Negative Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 195.

“Ididn’tthink at the time that my age was

too young.” 239. Didn’t

Negative Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 196. “I stilldon’tthink that.” 240. Don’t

Negative Contraction

146 Celebrity

quotes 197.

“Idon’tthink thatthere’sanything you

can’tdo because of age.”

241. Don’t Negative Contraction 242. There’s Auxiliary

Reduction 243. Can’t Negative

Contraction 146 Celebrity

quotes 198.

“But I was able to ease myself a lot in that regard by playing my characterthat’snaïve to the point thathe’sa fool.”

244. That’s Auxiliary Reduction 245. He’s Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 199.

“I started going to a ton of acting classes, and I found I had a real passion for it, probably the biggest passionI’veever had in my whole life.”

246. I’ve Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 200. “I’mnever a finished product, you know?” 247. I’m

Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 201.

“I always want to try something or be in a new genre because, one,it’smuch more fun to do that becauseyou’renot doing the same thing over and over.”

248. It’s Auxiliary Reduction 249 You’re Auxiliary Reduction 146 Celebrity

quotes 202.

“Idon’twant to just slap my name on

something.” 250 Don’t

Negative Contraction

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