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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher would present a description on the method used in conducting the research. It would help the researcher to get a guidance of
doing this research. There are three parts of this chapter namely object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. In the object of the study,
the researcher described the aim of this study. In the approach of the study, the researcher explained what approaches that were used and why they were applied
to examine the study. In the method of the study, the researcher made the steps of collecting and analyzing the data to answer the problems as stated in problem
formulation.
A. Object of the Study
Based on the problem formulations stated in Chapter I, this research focused on the occurrence of clitics in English words. The data are from two
different magazines, HighEnd and HighEnd Teen, on the same edition January 2014. Then, both of the magazines were compared with some aspects regarding
the cliticization which occurs in the two magazines. Therefore, by the analysis, the researcher would give further explanation and details about the data separately
in order to get the exact information from the two different magazines. Moreover, this study also identified the morphophonemic processes on clitics. The data,
which were the cliticizations form the two magazines, were classified into each types of clitics and then the morphophonemic processes were analyzed.
The data were collected from the cliticization in the two magazines. Also, the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – 7
th
edition and the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary were used in order to consult the meaning and the
phonetic transcription. One of the dictionaries was used as a back-up dictionary, in case the other one did not have the certain details on the meaning or phonetic
transcription. Therefore, it was better to consult two dictionaries rather than only one dictionary.
B. Approach of the Study
The study used morphology and phonology as the approach. The researcher used those approaches because they were related to each other. In
morphology, the study presented word formation process to lead the step of analyzing this research. Morphology is a study of the word-structure with the
morpheme as the smallest unit of the language. The morphological approach was applied to the data as morphologic units to analyze. Morphological approach was
used in order to identify the forms of clitics. So, morphological approach was suitable for this study because it learned about how to establish the word from the
morpheme. Phonology is a study of sound pattern. Besides, phonological approach is identified to help how the sounds produced and what types of sound
would be considered to change the feature location. The phonological approach was used by treating the data as the phonologic units to identify, in which the
researcher identified the morphophonemic process by using both morphological and phonological approach.
C. Method of the Study
The method of this study of clitics form and morphophonemic process was an empirical research because it used the collected data as the primary data for
accomplishing the analysis. There are two parts in making the comprehensible data. They are data collection and data analysis. In data collection, the researcher
described the steps of how the data were found and give some samples of the data by table in appendix. In data analysis, the researcher analyzed the data which had
been gathered previously.
1. Data Collection
In order to collect the complete data in detail, the researcher bought the two magazines in a certain bookstore. Then, the researcher read the two of them
carefully while meticulously noting the clitics which occurred in both of magazines separately. The researcher was categorizing the clitics that were noted
according to the types. The clitics were listed in accordance of paging order. Then, the data were checked on the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to ensure
that the data were definite. In total, the researcher found 100 data in HighEnd magazine and 250 data in HighEnd Teen magazine.
The researcher considered to find the phonetic transcription with the purpose of understanding how the words are pronounced. The researcher used
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary to write down the phonetic transcription. As of the previously data taken from the magazines, all words were transcribed.
2. Data Analysis
With the purpose of answering the Problem Formulation which was stated before, the researcher took four steps in analyzing the collected data. The first step
was for solving the first problem. It was by gathering the basic information about the magazines and later by identifying the contents of the magazines.
The second step, that was for classifying the forms of clitics. The words that were served as the data were analyzed by the forms of the clitics. This step
was by categorizing the clitics one by one, whether they belonged to the certain forms or the others. This step was also used in order to solve the first problem.
This step also applied the theory of auxiliary reduction by Zwicky 1970, theory of negative contraction by Zwicky and Pullum 1983, theory of to-contraction by
Pullum 1997, and the theory of pronominal clitics by Radford 1997. The third step was used to answer the second problem. The clitics that
were collected and categorized based on the forms were later being identified by the derived words that formed the clitics.
The fourth step, which is the last step, the clitics that occurred in the data was examined by the morphophonemic process of its occurrence. That was by
analyzing the morphemic process or the morpheme that constructed the words and phonemic process or the modified phonetic transcription of the clitics. The theory
of morphophonemic changes by Lam 2003 was applied in this step. This step also identified the morphophonemic process in the cliticization. This means that
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