38
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
In this research, the researcher used three kinds of the research tool. They were questionnaire, observation, and test. Ary et al. 2010 stated
“The most widely used in qualitative research are interviews, document analysis and
observation” p. 220. In this research, the researcher used interview, questionnaire, oberservation checklist, field notes, and als
o students’ reading test to gather data in classroom action research.
1. Interview
The researcher conducted interview with English teacher to find the depth information in preliminary information gathering. Interview was conducted for the
English teacher who taught the certain class this was used as the research participants. The aim of the interview was to know deep about reading problem in
teaching English as foreign language teaching. Moser and Kalton 1971 as cited in Bell 2010 defined that interview wa
s “Conversation between interviewer and respondent with
the purpose of eliciting certain information from the respondent” p. 161. The conversation between interviewer and respondent was the way to
gather information from the respondents. Ary et al. 2010 stated “Interview is
used to gather data from people about opinions, beliefs, and feelings about situations in their own word” p. 438.
In this research, the researcher used semi or partially structured interview. Using semi or partially structured interview meant the list of question which was
used in this research was formulated before conduct the interview but the format
39 of the question may be modified during the interview. Burns 2010 also added
some information about using semi or partially structured interview. According to Burns 2010 semi or partially structured interview meant using set of topics that
you wanted to explore and you also had developed some specific questions. Burns 2010 also argued that the advantages using this type were having deep
and rich information.
2. Questionnaire
In this research, the researcher used a questionnaire as one of the research instruments. Ary et al. 2010 argued
that “Questionnaire is instrument in which respondents provide written responses to questions or mark items that indicate
their responses” p. 648. It was distributed to all of the students in XI IPA I of SMA Negeri I Kasihan Bantul which was used as the research participants and
setting in the end of each cycle. Ary et al. 2010 stated that there were two types of format of questions: closed ended questions and open ended questions. In this
research, the researcher used closed ended questions. Ary et al. 2010 added that “Close ended questions are used when all posible, relevant responses to questions
can be specified, and the number of possible responses is limited” p. 391. In this research, the researcher designed a questionnaire to evaluate
students’ motivation in studying English especially in reading activities. The responses to the items were measured by a Likerts type scale ranging from
1strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree. Mills 2011 argued that likert scale was asking the students to give their responses to a series of statements. Dornyei
40 2003 as cited in Burns 2010 stated that the result of questionnaire consists of
three types of information: factual or demographic who the interviewees are and their backgroundexperiences, behavioural what they do or did in the past,
attitudinal attitudes, opinions, beliefs, interest, values. In this research, the researcher used rating scales as the types of items in questionnaires. Burns 2010
explained rating scales was the most common way in questionnaire to ask people in giving the degree of their responses of certain statements by circling or ticking
the scale. The researcher prepared 17 statements that showed of the students’
responses toward the use of authentic texts to improve the students’ motivation in
reading hortatory exposition.
3. Observation
Kategori