19 argues that the conscious life becomes unconscious as soon as we fail to
understand it. Levitan and LaBerge 1991 say that the human consciousness
separating from the human body and travelling in a discorporate form of physical world. The writer uses Freud’s level of mental of life to support
the analysis Saeki’s mental of life, as seen in Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore.
c. The Theory of Motivation
Motivation is an important determinant of individual’s performance. However, as Maslow 1943 states that motivation is not the only
determinant; other variables such as effort expended, ability, and previous experience also influence performance.
Beck 1978 states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of
goal directed behavior p. 58. It indicates that motivation deals with the “way” of someone’s behavior.
Coleman 1960 mentions that there are some theories used to support the analysis of the main character’s way of thinking p. 114-116.
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20 The first is Primary and Secondary Drives. It states that every species has
some basic psychological drives of an inborn. The second is Motives as Tension-Reducing Devices. Most of
human biological functioning follows the pattern of searching a way to relieve unpleasant tension that is caused by the need. Therefore, the brain
will produce the tension for everything needed by the body. The tension will cause a depressed feeling by the body. That is why human have to
reduce the feeling by finding the way out. Maslow 1970 with his theory of motivation identifies different
stages and forms of motives which will motivate people in different stages of their lives. The theory also provides the relationship between the needs
of people. Maslow presents the stages of needs in the form of hierarchy. The direction of the need is upward. When the lower need has been
fulfilled, people will fulfill the higher need. The lowest need in the hierarchy shows the most basic need of human.
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21
Fig.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1970 http:www.businessballs.commaslowhierarchyofneeds5.pdf retrieved
September 13, 2011
According to Maslow 1970, the first need is physiological need. The physiological need includes food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body
temperature, air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. When people do not have their physiological needs satisfied, they live for those needs and
strive constantly to satisfy them Feist Feist, 2006, p.279. The second need is safety needs. The safety needs includes
protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs Maslow, 1970.
The third need is belongingness and love needs, for example the desire for friendship, the wish for mate and children; the need to belong t a family, a
Esteem needs Self-actualization
Love and Belongingness needs Safety needs
Physiological needs
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22 club, a neighborhood, or a nation Feist Feist, 2006, p.280. Love and
belongings also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love Maslow, 1970.
The fourth need is esteem need, for example self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in esteem
Feist Feist, 2006. The fifth need is self-actualization needs, for example self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become
creative in the full sense of the word Maslow, 1970. From the theories we can draw a conclusion that there are different
theories of motivation. The first theory says that motivation is emerged from thoughts, feeling, and behavior. The other theory says that motivation is a
result of physical and psychological needs.
d. Theory of Love
