11 According to Hill 2005, the juxtaposition of Greek myth and X-Files
kookiness is uneasy, also apart from some brilliant episodes involving cats, fish and Colonel Sanders, the plot lacks the crackling, and brilliant
weirdness of the author’s short stories and recent novels.
B. Review on Related Theories
This part consists of Theory of Critical Approach and Theory of Psychology. The Theory of Psychology consists of Theory of Character
and Characterization, Theory of Personality, Theory of Motivation, and Theory of Love.
1. Critical Approach
Rohberger Woods 1976 divided the critical approach into five approaches to analyze a work of literature. The approaches are
“formalist approach, biographical
approach, socicultural-historical
approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.” The first approach is formalist approach. Based on Rohberger Woods 1971,
this approach concerns with demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is
derived from structure and how matters how technique determine structure p.6.
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12 The second approach is biographical approach. According to
Rohberger Woods 1971, “biographical approach asserts the necessity for an appreciation of ideas and personality of the author to an
understanding of literary object” p.6. The third approach is sociocultural-historical approach. According to Rohberger Woods
1971, “it investigates the social milieu in which a work was created and which it necessarily reflects” p.9.
The fourth approach is mythopoeic approach. According to Rohberger Woods 1971,”it seeks to discover certain universally
recurrent pattern of human thought, which they believe find expression in significant work of art” p.9. The fifth approach is psychological
approach. Atkinson 1981 emphasizes how personality develops. This approach is used in the study because it is relevant to analyze the
character’s thoughts, motivation, love, and personality.
2. Theory of Psychology a.
Theories of Character and Characterization
According to Stanton the term character refers to two meanings. It points toward the individuals who appear in the story. In addition, it
refers to mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that
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13 make up each of these individuals. Most stories contain a central
character which is relevant to every event in the story. Generally the events cause some changes toward him or
our attitude toward him. Therefore, the meaning of character can be both the actoractress in the
story and the characterization of the character. There must be a relationship between an actor and the characteristics shehe has as cited
in An Introduction to Fiction, 1965. Henkle 1977 divides the term character into two categories. The
first is major character and the second is minor character or secondary character. The major character deserves our full attention in the novel. It
also performs the key structural function in the novel. Therefore, the effectiveness of most novels depends on the ability of major character to
express and dramatize the human issue of the novel. While the secondary character performs more limited function and less complex than the
major character p.80. Abrams mentions two types of character; they are simple or flat
character and round or complex character. He proposes that flat character is easily recognized and remembered by readers. It describes in a single
phrase or sentence. Complex character is lifelike because the writer may see all sides of the character. This character is difficult to describe with
any adequacy as somebody in real life as cited in A Glossary of Literary Terns, 1981.
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14
M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen 1972 provides nine ways on how the author attempts to make his character understandable
to, and come alive for his readers as follow: 1 Personal description
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. By summarizing the
author’s description
of the
character physical
appearance, the readers can imagine what kind of person he is p.161. 2 Characters as seen by another
Besides describing a person’s appearance and clothes, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of other people. It is like
a reflected image. 3 Speech
The character of a person in the book can be seen through what he says. Every time he has conversation with other people and every time he
gives opinion, it shows the clues of his character. 4 Past life
If the readers are allowed to learn something about the person’s past life, they will obtain a clue to events happened in the past life. It is
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15 because the events in the past life have helped to shape someone’s
character. 5 Conversation of others
The conversation of other people and the things they may say about a person can be a clue for us to know the person’s character.
6 Reaction We are able to know a person’s character through the reaction of the
person in facing various situations. It happens if the author lets us know how the person reacts.
7 Direct comment The author can describe the person’s character directly so that heshe
can easily find out the information on the character. Besides it is easy, misinterpretation can be reduced p.170.
8 Thoughts If the author gives us knowledge of what a person is thinking about,
we can know how people are thinking. 9 Mannerisms
A person’s mannerism, habit or idiosyncrasies is an obvious clue to know the person’s character. Habit or what people always do reflects
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16 their inner side positively and negatively. We can also infer what a
character is like from what he does, thinks or says p.173.
b. Theory of Personality
The word “personality originated from the Latin “persona”, which
referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman Actors in Greek dramas Hill, 2006. According to Allport 1937, personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Hill 2006
argues that
personality is both
physical and
psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and covert thoughts; it not only is something, but it does something. While Davidoff 1987 states
that personality is a summary construct that includes thought, motives, emotions, interests, attitudes, abilities and the like. The writer uses the
theory of personality because in this study the theory is needed to know the meaning of the main character’s personality development.
According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality n,d personality is composed of three elements. They are the id, the ego,
and the superego.
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17 The three elements which are composed by Sigmund Freud work
together to create complex human behaviors. 1 The Id
The id is a component of personality which naturally comes from birth. According to Freud n,d, the id is the source of all psychic energy,
making it the primary component of personality. For example, when a baby is hungry, she will cry. She will stop crying if the demand of the id
is met, which is drinking the milk. 2
The Ego According to Freud n,d, the ego develops from the id and ensures
that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by
the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious Hill, 2005. In psychologically healthy person, the ego
takes a secondary position to the unconscious Jung, 1959a. 3
The Superego The superego is the last component of personality to be developed.
According to Kendra Cherry n,d , the superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals
that we acquire from both parents and society-our sense of right and wrong.
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18 Freud 1964 also divides levels of mental of life into the unconscious
and the conscious. While the unconscious has two different levels, which are the unconscious proper and the preconscious. In Freudian psychology,
the three levels of mental life are used to designate both a process and a location.
1 Unconscious
Freud states that unconscious contain all those drives, urges, or instinct that are beyond people’s awareness, but motivate most of our
feeling, words, and actions. While Adler 1956 defined the unconscious as that part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely
understood by the individual. Adler then states that if we understand the tendency of consciousness, the tendency has already become conscious.
2 Preconscious
The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either readily or with some
difficulties Freud, 1964. 3 Conscious
Consciousness, which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given
point in time. According to Freud 1964, what we perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness. Adler 1964
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19 argues that the conscious life becomes unconscious as soon as we fail to
understand it. Levitan and LaBerge 1991 say that the human consciousness
separating from the human body and travelling in a discorporate form of physical world. The writer uses Freud’s level of mental of life to support
the analysis Saeki’s mental of life, as seen in Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore.
c. The Theory of Motivation
Motivation is an important determinant of individual’s performance. However, as Maslow 1943 states that motivation is not the only
determinant; other variables such as effort expended, ability, and previous experience also influence performance.
Beck 1978 states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of
goal directed behavior p. 58. It indicates that motivation deals with the “way” of someone’s behavior.
Coleman 1960 mentions that there are some theories used to support the analysis of the main character’s way of thinking p. 114-116.
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20 The first is Primary and Secondary Drives. It states that every species has
some basic psychological drives of an inborn. The second is Motives as Tension-Reducing Devices. Most of
human biological functioning follows the pattern of searching a way to relieve unpleasant tension that is caused by the need. Therefore, the brain
will produce the tension for everything needed by the body. The tension will cause a depressed feeling by the body. That is why human have to
reduce the feeling by finding the way out. Maslow 1970 with his theory of motivation identifies different
stages and forms of motives which will motivate people in different stages of their lives. The theory also provides the relationship between the needs
of people. Maslow presents the stages of needs in the form of hierarchy. The direction of the need is upward. When the lower need has been
fulfilled, people will fulfill the higher need. The lowest need in the hierarchy shows the most basic need of human.
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21
Fig.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1970 http:www.businessballs.commaslowhierarchyofneeds5.pdf retrieved
September 13, 2011
According to Maslow 1970, the first need is physiological need. The physiological need includes food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body
temperature, air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. When people do not have their physiological needs satisfied, they live for those needs and
strive constantly to satisfy them Feist Feist, 2006, p.279. The second need is safety needs. The safety needs includes
protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs Maslow, 1970.
The third need is belongingness and love needs, for example the desire for friendship, the wish for mate and children; the need to belong t a family, a
Esteem needs Self-actualization
Love and Belongingness needs Safety needs
Physiological needs
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22 club, a neighborhood, or a nation Feist Feist, 2006, p.280. Love and
belongings also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love Maslow, 1970.
The fourth need is esteem need, for example self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in esteem
Feist Feist, 2006. The fifth need is self-actualization needs, for example self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become
creative in the full sense of the word Maslow, 1970. From the theories we can draw a conclusion that there are different
theories of motivation. The first theory says that motivation is emerged from thoughts, feeling, and behavior. The other theory says that motivation is a
result of physical and psychological needs.
d. Theory of Love
Love is a word that cannot be separated from man’s life. As cited by Hauck 1983, love was a feeling that we have for people who did in the
past, are in the present, or will in the future satisfy our deepest desires and needs p.22. According to Raymond 1987, love comprises such
elements as responsibility for the other, tenderness, self-disclosure, and
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23 exclusivity. According to Fromm 1956, “love” is the achievement of inter
personal union, of fusion with another person p.18. Fromm 1981 described love as “union with somebody, or
something outside oneself under the condition of retaining the separateness and integrity of one’s own self” as cited in Feist Feist, 2006, p.190.
While according to May 1953, love is a “delight in the presence of the other person and affirming of that person’s value and development as
much as one’s own” as cited in Feist Feist, 2006, p.35 . The union of beloved ones is something that can delight their selves. The presence of the
beloved one will make the person valuable. On the other hands, the absence of the beloved one causes a feeling of sad, loneliness, unhappiness, or may
be the loosing of motivation to live. In The Art of Loving, Fromm 1956 identifies four basic elements
which are common to all forms of genuine love; they are care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge.
Krafft-Ebing 1886 identifies five types of love: true love, sentimental love, platonic love, friendship, and sensual love as cited in
General Theories of Love. While Ellis 1954 suggests that “Love itself…includes many different types and degree of affection, such as
conjugal love, parental love, familial love, religious love, love of humanity,
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24 love of animals, love of things, self-love, sexual love, obsessive-compulsive
love, etc p.101. While May 1969b identifies four kinds of love in Western
tradition-sex, eros, philia, and agape as cited in Feist Feist, 2006, 352. The first is sex. According to him, sex is “still remains the power of
procreation. The drive which perpetuates the race, the source at once of human being’s most intense pleasure and his or her most pervasive anxiety
May, 1969b, p.38. In the past, sex was considered as a usual activity and could be easily accepted. However, in the modern life many people assume
that sex is a less polite conversation topic. The second is eros, May states that Eros is psychological desire that seek procreation or creation through an
enduring union with a loved one, Eros is making love; sex is manipulating organ. Therefore, this kind of love is related to sexual intercourse.
According to May 1969b, the third kind of love is philia, that is, an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people. Philia needs time to
grow and develop. It does not required people to do anything to show the love. In the simplest and general terminology, philia is called a friendship
May, 1969a, p.31. While the fourth kind is Agape, as cited by FeistFeist, 2006: 353
is “esteem for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it;
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25 disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man.” In short, an adult
relationship contains of these four kinds of love.
4. Theoretical Framework
The theories which are presented above are very helpful to support the analysis of the study. The writer provides some theories related to critical
approaches. The first is theory of psychology; it consists of theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of motivation,
and theory of love. First, the writer uses the theory related to critical approach to help
the writer in analyzing the novel. Second, the theory of character and characterization and the theory of personality are used to support the analysis
of Saeki, one of the major characters of Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. The writer uses both theories to answer the first problem formulation. Third, the
theory of motivation and the theory of love are used to answer the second problem formulation which deals with Saeki’s motivation to act as the
personality she has and her love to her sweetheart.
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26
3. Context of the Novel
