16 their inner side positively and negatively. We can also infer what a
character is like from what he does, thinks or says p.173.
b. Theory of Personality
The word “personality originated from the Latin “persona”, which
referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman Actors in Greek dramas Hill, 2006. According to Allport 1937, personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Hill 2006
argues that
personality is both
physical and
psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and covert thoughts; it not only is something, but it does something. While Davidoff 1987 states
that personality is a summary construct that includes thought, motives, emotions, interests, attitudes, abilities and the like. The writer uses the
theory of personality because in this study the theory is needed to know the meaning of the main character’s personality development.
According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality n,d personality is composed of three elements. They are the id, the ego,
and the superego.
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17 The three elements which are composed by Sigmund Freud work
together to create complex human behaviors. 1 The Id
The id is a component of personality which naturally comes from birth. According to Freud n,d, the id is the source of all psychic energy,
making it the primary component of personality. For example, when a baby is hungry, she will cry. She will stop crying if the demand of the id
is met, which is drinking the milk. 2
The Ego According to Freud n,d, the ego develops from the id and ensures
that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by
the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious Hill, 2005. In psychologically healthy person, the ego
takes a secondary position to the unconscious Jung, 1959a. 3
The Superego The superego is the last component of personality to be developed.
According to Kendra Cherry n,d , the superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals
that we acquire from both parents and society-our sense of right and wrong.
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18 Freud 1964 also divides levels of mental of life into the unconscious
and the conscious. While the unconscious has two different levels, which are the unconscious proper and the preconscious. In Freudian psychology,
the three levels of mental life are used to designate both a process and a location.
1 Unconscious
Freud states that unconscious contain all those drives, urges, or instinct that are beyond people’s awareness, but motivate most of our
feeling, words, and actions. While Adler 1956 defined the unconscious as that part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely
understood by the individual. Adler then states that if we understand the tendency of consciousness, the tendency has already become conscious.
2 Preconscious
The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either readily or with some
difficulties Freud, 1964. 3 Conscious
Consciousness, which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given
point in time. According to Freud 1964, what we perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness. Adler 1964
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19 argues that the conscious life becomes unconscious as soon as we fail to
understand it. Levitan and LaBerge 1991 say that the human consciousness
separating from the human body and travelling in a discorporate form of physical world. The writer uses Freud’s level of mental of life to support
the analysis Saeki’s mental of life, as seen in Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore.
c. The Theory of Motivation
