Third person singular and plural indirect imperatives

128 —¡Hiya-comun hinan-xanh -pu, huna copi -quin hinan-non, me-indeed give -IMP -M.VOC mine pay -INF give -HORTPURPDS quin -quiha hinan xahu yohi-ni -xo -hqui. SEQSSTR-REPORT jaguar.ERG anteater say -REM.PAST -3PAST -DECL ‘ “Indeed, give it the tunic to me, in order to give you mine in payment,” said the jaguar to the anteater a long time ago.’ or ‘for me to give you mine to pay…’ 129 ¡Miya vutza tari hinan-non -murocon min hiya you other tunic give -HORT-really you me hinan-xanh -quinh -non nashi-yoo -non -hin -pu give -IMP -in.exchange-HORTPURPDS bathe-IMM.ACN -HORT -for.sure-M.VOC ‘Really, let me give you another tunic so that you give me yours in exchange, but first let us go bathing for sure’ As the above examples show, the exact meaning generally depends on the context. The examples marked with will be discussed in Section 4.4. While considering direct imperatives, we noticed that ti ‘encouragement’ is an alternative for the common or familiar commands softening the command to an encouragement. We used it in singular and plural constructions. As we will see now, it can also be used in first person indirect imperatives. In this case, however, the speaker addresses either himself plus one addressee, which is considered the singular form, or himself plus several addressees, which is considered the plural form. It should be noted here that Amahuaca in general does not distinguish between first person singular and plural. The speakers always use the singular form whether they mean ‘I’ or ‘we’. As in direct commands, ti ‘encouragement’ is used in independent imperative clauses. However unlike in direct commands, in which these commands end in the vocative, in indirect imperatives they terminate in -non -ca ‘hortatative plus first or second person actuality aspect’ or -non -vo -ca ‘hortative plus plural plus first or second person actuality aspect’. 130 a. ¡Ti quirica ha-non -ca b. ¡Ti quirica ha-non -vo -ca ENCOUR paper do-HORT -12ACT ENCOUR paper do-HORT -PL -12ACT ‘Come, let’s go to study’ ‘Come, let’s all go to study’ 131 a. ¡Ti yono-non -ca b. ¡Ti yono-non -vo -ca ENCOUR work-HORT-12ACT ENCOUR work-HORT -PL -12ACT ‘Come, let’s go to work’ ‘Come, let’s all go to work’

4.3.9 Third person singular and plural indirect imperatives

As mentioned above, the morpheme -non ‘hortative’ or -non -vo ‘hortative plus plural’, expresses third person indirect imperative. If the indirect imperative is an independent clause, -nu-qui ‘declarative’ terminates the clause. But if the indirect imperative is imbedded in a declarative construction, the declarative morpheme does not appear on the imperative, but at the end of the declarative sentence, i.e. the sentence in which the indirect imperative is imbedded compare 133 with 137. If the indirect imperative is imbedded in a direct command construction, the DECL morpheme does not appear. Instead, the direct command vocative morpheme terminates the sentence see 136. When an indirect imperative is imbedded in a direct command and -comun ‘indeed’’please’ follows -non ‘hortative’, -comun actually modifies the direct command in which the indirect imperative is imbedded. See examples 134, 136. 132 ¡Chipi -n ha-non -nu younger.sister -ERG do-HORT -DECL ‘May younger sister do it’ 133 ¡Jan jo -xahin -non -nu he come -INDEF.FUT -HORT -DECL ‘May he come sometime.’ 134 ¡Jo -yaa -non -comun hiya jochi yohi -xon -tan -u, chipi¡ come -IMM.ACN -HORT -indeed me older.brother tell -BENEF -ahead -F.VOC daughter ‘My daughter, please go ahead and tell your older brother for me to come immediately’ Lit.: ‘To come immediately, please go tell your older brother for me, my daughter’ 135 ¡Jaha rahoo haya -ma -non -nu hisher.mother medicine take -cause -HORT -DECL ‘Let hisher mother cause himher to take the medicine.’ 136 Jan vacu-xano -mun hizin -ya -hqui. ¡Rahoo haya -ma -non -comun her child-female -TH pain -with -DECL medicine take -cause -HORT -indeed jaha yohi -yu hisher.mother tell -F.VOC ‘Her daughter is hurting. Please tell her mother to make her the daughter take the medicine’ Lit.: ‘To cause her to take medicine, please tell her mother’ 137 Jato vuchi -xon -quiha, jato canon jato -qui -tzin vahaa -hi them meet -NONSQSSTR -REPORT them now them -towards-next make.visit-INF vo -xahin -non -vo jato yohi-vahin -can-ni -xo -hqui. go.PL -INDEF.FUT-HORT-PL them tell -away.from.speaker-PL-REM.PAST-3PAST-DECL ‘Meeting them, it is said, they the visitors having told them the hosts that it would be their turn to visit them next time, they the visitors left.’

4.3.10 Common prohibitions for second person singular and plural