Marked tenseaspect set Tenseaspect system

The form -non expresses an intended or possible event. There is no bias as to whether or not the event will be taking place. Table 1.2. Unmarked tenseaspect operators Tense aspect Temporal adverb Tenseaspect marker Time lapse Gloss Narrative past, perfective -shin -yan -ti -ni -cu 1,2, -xo 3 -can-xo 3pl -shincu, -shinxo -yancu, -yanxo -tai, -tai -nicu, -nixo ‘1–3 days ago’ ‘4 days - one planting season ago’ ‘a planting season ago’ ‘a long time ago’ Perfect of result -ha sg -ha-vo pl -shina, -shinavo -yanta, -yantavo -ti, -tivo -niha, -nivo ‘1–3 days ago’ ‘4 days - one planting season ago’ ‘a planting season ago’ ‘a long time ago’ Immediate past, perfective -ha 1, -qui 2,3 ‘just’ ‘actually’ Narrative past, perfective -tai -can-tai 3pl ‘one planting season ago’ Repetitive continuative -hai sg -hai-vo pl ‘always, to continue’ Prospective -non sg -non-vo-no-vo pl ‘to intend’

1.2.2 Marked tenseaspect set

Unmarked aspects encode events that are not perceived as actually taking place at the present moment; marked aspects encode events that someone is actually engaged in or will be engaged in. The most complex form in the marked set is -hax 9a. It has imperfective as well as perfect characteristics. As Comrie 1976:63 has shown, that is not self-contradictory. It is imperfective in that it pays attention to the internal structure of the event and perfect in that the past event is relevant to the present moment. The form -hax expresses a completed past event. It can be combined with temporal adverbs to render the following hypermorphemes: -shinaxshinnax ‘1–3 days ago’, -yantax ‘4 days till a planting season ago’, -taix ‘a planting season ago’, and -nix, ‘a long time ago’ 9b. 9 a. Tapaz -mun-ax jan -Ø -hqui -nu. house.build -TH-PAST.PF he -ABS-ACT -DECL ‘He has built a house.’ Lit: ‘Housebuilding is what he has been doing.’ b. Tapaz -mun-ix jan-Ø -hqui -nu. house.build -TH -DIST.PAST.PF he -ABS-3ACT-DECL ‘He has built a house a long time ago.’ Lit: ‘Housebuilding is what he has been doing a long time ago.’ The present tense operator -hi does not make a formal distinction between progressive and non- progressive events. It appears, however, that the operator encodes a stretch of time. The boundaries are defined in relation to other events. 10 Tapaz -mun-i jan-Ø -hqui -nu. house.build-TH-PRES he-ABS -3ACT-DECL ‘He buildsis building a house.’ Lit.: ‘Housebuilding is what he is doing.’ The form -hi, besides expressing present tense, also functions as an infinitive marker for intransitive verbs, very much like to in English. In this function it contrasts with -quin ‘infinitive marker for transitive verbs’: nashi-hi ‘to bathe’, pi-quin ‘to eat meat’. There are two future tenses in the marked category that are analyzable operators: -xanhqui ‘immediate future’, and -catzi ‘unspecified future’. -xanhqui is a composite of -xan ‘immediate future’ and -qui ‘present tense’ allomorph of -hi. -catzi is a composite of -ca ‘go’ and -tzi ‘commitment’. Although -catzi encodes ‘unspecified future’, it appears that it is perceived as actual involvement, in that literally the first step towards the fulfillment of the event has been taken. 11 Tapaz -mun -xanhqui jan -Ø -hqui -nu. house.build -TH -IMM.FUT he -ABS-3ACT -DECL ‘He is going beginning today to build a house.’ 12 Tapaz -mun -catzi hun-Ø -hca -nu. 10 house.build-TH -FUT I -ABS -1ACT-DECL ‘I am going to build a house.’ Table 1.3. Marked tenseaspect operators Tense Temporal abverb Tense marker Person and actuality aspect Time lapse temporal adverb + tense marker Gloss Past perfect, present relevance -shin -yan -ti -ni -hax -shinax -yantax -taix -nix ‘1–3 days ago’ ‘4 days - one planting season ago’ ‘a planting season ago’ ‘a long time ago’ Present progressive -hi -ca -qui ‘1 st person’ ‘2 nd or 3 rd person’ Future -xanhqui -catzi ‘immediate future’ ’unspecified future’ Infinitive markers -hi -quin ‘to, intransitive’ ‘to, transitive’

1.3 Operators that function as IRMs