in the main clause.
4
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, indentifies, or gives further information about a noun. An
adjective clause is also called a relative clause.
5
From the definitions above, the writer concludes that adjective clause is a
clause which modifies or decribeds noun or pronoun as antecedent. 2. The Types of Adjective Clauses
According to Yule, relative caluse can be divided into two types restrictive clause and non restrictrive clause relative clauses. Restrictive relative clause is
term for rlative clause which defines or restricts the reference of the noun.
6
Furthermore, it can be understood; restricted relative caluse serves to restrict the reference of the noun phrase modified. A non-restrictive relative clause give extra
information aboout antecedent.
7
Non-restrictive relative clause is indicated commass arroud it. The cha
racteristic is used because the noun’s reference is already clear and thus the clause does not restrict it.
Tabel 2.1 The characteristics of restrictive and non restrictive relative clause
Restrictive Non-restrictive
Defining Necessary information
No separation makers Not usually after proper noun
Not as additional comments Not with quantity expressions
Initial that and zero relative With general antecedents
Shorter and more common Non-defining
Extra information Separations maker e.g. commas
After proper noun Provide additonal comments
With quantity expression Not with that or zero relative
Not with general antecedents Longer and less common
4
Evelyn P. Altenberg and Robert M. Vago, English Grammar, New York: Cambbridge University Pres, 2010, p. 121
5
Betty Scrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using Grammar Third Edition, London: Prentice- Hall, Inc, 1999, p. 267
6
George Yule, Explaining English Grammar, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 240
7
Yule, Ibid, p.249
B. Relative Pronouns 1. The Understanding of Relative Pronouns
The students used relative pronouns to join two statements that refer to the person or thing in adjective clause relative clause. According to Frank, relative
pronouns refer to noun antecedents which immediately precede them. They introduce adjective clauses in which they serve as subjects or objects.
8
In the other definiton “A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a dependent clause.”
9
Example: I met a woman. She can Speak six languages. I met a woman who can Speak six languages.
10
Based on the definition above the writer concluded, relative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to combine two sentences and cut the same part on it become
one sentence.
2. The Types of Relative Pronouns
In her Modern English Grammar, Frank explained that there are five noun antecedent meanings functioning the relative pronouns, they are:
a. A person: relative pronouns used here are who whom or whose and that.
Illustrative sentences: 1
He paid the money to the man who or that had done the work.
The introductory word functioning as subject 2
He paid the man whom or that he had hired. the introductory
word functioning as object of verb 3
He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money. The
introductory word functioning as object of preposition 4
This is the girl whose picture you saw. The introductory word
functioning as possessive adjective b.
A thing: relative pronouns used here are which and that. Illustrative sentences:
8
Frank, op. cit., p. 21
9
John E. Brewton et al.,The Using Good English Series 9, Ilinois:Laidlaw Brothers Publishers, 1962, p. 355
10
Raymond Murphy and Willian R. Smalzer, Basic Grammar in Use, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 230
1
Here is a book which or that describes animals. The introductory
word functioning as subject 2
The chair which or that he broke is being repaired. The
introductory word functioning as object of verb 3
She was wearing the coat for which she had paid 2,000. The
introductory word functioning as object of preposition c.
A time: relative adverb used here is when. Illustrative sentence:
This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.
d. A place: relative adverb used here is where.
Illustrative sentence:
Here is the house where I live.
e. A reason: relative adverb used here is why.
Illustrative sentence:
Give me a good reason why you did that.
11
C. Error Analysis 1. Definitions of Errors and Errors Analysis
Learning foerign language is different from learning our mother tongue, and it is possible that the learners make errors in a foreign language. In this case,
Dullay, Burt and Khrasen mention that errors are the flawed side of learner speech or writing. They are those part of conversation or composititon of that deviate
from some selected norm of mature language performance.
12
Errors in learning a new language a
re related to the learners’ competence. Although it is a common thing, having poor understanding of target language will lead the learners to do
mistakes and errors. When the students learn about target language, they make lots of error. It
is natural pa rt of language accquistion prosess. How to know the students’ errors
are needed the error analysis.
11
Frank, op. cit., p. 47
12
Heidi Dulay, Mariana Burt, and Stephen Krashen, Language Two, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1982, p.138
