The Differences Between Errors and Mistakes

Surface strategy Taxonomy, 3. Error types based on comparative of Taxonomy. 19 The surface strategy taxonomy highlights the ways surface structures are occur. The students may omit necessary items omission, or add unnecessary ones additions, they may misformation items selection or misorder them misordering. 20 a. Omission Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance. Although any morpheme or word in a sentence is a potential candidate for omission, some types of morphemes are omitted more than others. For example omission of to be: Aminah a smart student. Aminah is a smart student. b. Additions Additional errors are the opposite of omission. They are characterized by the presence of an item which must not appear in a well-formed utterance. It usually occurs in the later stages of L 2 acquisition, when the learner has already acquired some target language rules. In fact, additions errors result from the all-too-faithful use of certain rules. For example addition In present error: Aisyah and Andi goes to library. In morphology : The books is here. c. Double Marking Many addition errors are more accurately described as the failure to delete certain items which are required in some linguistic constructions, but not in others. For example in past tense error: She did n’t wentgoed In present tense error: He doesn’t knows my name d. Regularization A rule typically applies to a class of linguistic items, such as the class of main verbs or the class of nouns. In most languages, however, some members 19 Dulay, op. cit., p. 146 20 Ibid, p. 150 of a class are expectations to the rule. For example, the verb eat does not become eated, but ate; the noun sheep is also sheep in the plural, not sheeps. e. Simple addition Errors are the “grab bag” subcategory of additions. If an addition error is not double marking or regularization, it is called a simple addition. No particular features characterize simple additions other than those that characterize all addition errors —the use of an item which should not appear in a well-formed utterance. For example in 3 rd person singular –s: The fishes doesn’t live in the water in past tense Irregular: The train is gonna broke it f. Misformation Misformation errors are characterized by the use of the wrong form of the morpheme or structure. While in omission errors the item is not supplied at all in misformation-errors the learner supplies something, although it is incorrect. For example: The dog eated the chicken. In a past tense marker was supplied by the learner; it was just not the right one. As in the case of additions, misformation is usually not random. Thus, three types of misformation have been frequently reported in the literature: 1 regularizations; 2 archi-forms; and 3 alternating forms. 1 Regularization errors Regularization errors that fall under the misformation category are those in which a regular marker is used in place of an irregular one, as in runned for ran or gooses for geese. For example in the regularization errors in the misformation category observed in child L 2 production: Linguistic Item Misformed Example Reflexive Pronoun Hisself himself Regular Past I falled fell Plural Childs Children