substitution that appeared in the one text, and it is only nominal substitution. He also found some repetition words stretches across several in every text and it is the
highest occurrence lexically. Based on the previous researches above, there are some differences with
this research. The first is the research object, the research object of this research is New York Daily News
and The Village Voice. The second is the focus of the research, the focus of this research is grammatical and lexical cohesion in two
articles which are taken from crime feature. Besides that, this research also has purpose to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.
B. Discourse Analysis
Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions, interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, and valuing by using various
symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable identity.
8
Generally, discourse has been defined as anything beyond sentence.
9
The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use.
10
In the discourse, there are several important things to be effective to read, two of them are cohesion and context. Context refers to the situation within discourse.
According to David Nunan, there are two types of context.
11
The first is linguistic
8
James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 21.
9
Deborah Schiffrin, et.al, The Handbook of Discourse Analysis United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 1.
10
Gillian Brown and George Yule, Discourse Analysis Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 1.
11
David Nunan, Introducing Discourse Analysis London: Penguin Group, 1993, pp. 7- 8.
context, the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis. The second is non-linguistic context includes the type of communicative
event, the topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, including location, time of day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation, the participants and the
relationships between them, and the background knowledge and assumptions underlying the communicative event.
C. Cohesion
Cohesion is a term used in grammar to refer to a defining property of the word.
12
Cohesion is semantic relation or relation of meaning between an element in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it.
13
It means that cohesive relation within a text is set up where the interpretation of
some elements in the text is independent
14
On the other hand, a number of sentences can be regarded as a unified discourse if the sentences are connected without departing from the subject matter
under discussion. Therefore, the cohesion was required for a text that can be regarded as a complete discourse to be understood by the reader.
According to Yayat Sudarya, cohesion emphasis on how the relations between sentences build discourse. The relationship is realized through linguistics
markers.
15
12
David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: Sixth Edition USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2000, p. 85.
13
Halliday and Hasan, Cohesion in English London: Longman Group, 1976, p. 8.
14
Gillian Brown and George Yule 1989, op.cit., p. 191.
15
Yayat Sudarya, Makna dalam Wacana: Prinsip-prinsip Semantik dan Pragmatik Bandung: Yrama Widya, 2008, p. 151.
Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspects such as grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.
16
It means that the relation of meaning grammatically and lexically should be formed in unity
that forms a text.
D. Cohesion Device
The concept of cohesion refers to the relationships that exist within the meaning of the text. Cohesion occurs when an element in the interpretation of the
text depends on other elements. Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan said that the cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion.
17
1. Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
a. Reference
Reference can be cohesive when two or more expressions in the text refer to the same person, thing or idea.
18
Halliday and Hassan classify reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has
antecedent in the outside of language extra textual, whereas endophoric
16
Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, et.al, Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005, p. 96.
17
Halliday and Hassan 1976, op.cit., pp. 4-6.
18
T. Bloor and M. Bloor, The Functional Analysis of English New York: Arnold, 1995, p. 94.
