“Text 2: City Will Pay 55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Live-
the unlawful arrest that has been settled by Wylie Stecklow, an attorney of Stecklow Cohen and T
hompson. Besides that, the word „the case‟ is also called demonstrative reference. „The case‟ refers to the Josh Boss arrest.
„The city‟ is also called demonstrative reference which refers to where Josh Boss was arrested.
There is also the word „the commanding officer‟ as a demonstrative reference in the text above.
„The commanding officer‟ refers to the Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains
about a person who oversees all marches and protests in the city, he is Thomas Purtell. The types of demonstrative reference make the text
cohesive because they have been used without changing the meaning of the words.
Second is personal reference. The word „he‟ is a personal reference. „He‟ has a function as subject in personal pronoun. Based on the context, a
person who has job as a live- streamer is Josh Boss. So, the word „he‟
refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. It makes the text cohesive because the word „he‟ is related to the context.
Third is additive conjunction. The words „and‟ bolded above is
additive conjunctions which have function to add information. To make the text cohesive, an additive conjunction is needed so that the meaning
can be conveyed effectively.
There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „march‟ in the text above is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion
devices, because it has been mentioned in the previous units.
U4 : Purtell is the most senior officer weve ever seen in a physical
unlawful arrest , Stecklow tells the Voice. He got hands on.
The word „Purtell‟, „unlawful‟, „arrest‟, and „Stecklow‟ are called repetition, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They are called repetition
because they have been mentioned in previous units. The word „tell‟
bolded above also has correlation with word „say‟ that has been done by Stecklow. The word „say‟ has meaning „speak or tell something to
somebody, using words ‟ and the word „tell‟ has meaning „make something
known to somebody in words ‟.
52
It is called synonymy because the word „say‟ and „tell‟ have almost same meaning, „giving opinion using words‟.
The word „the Voice‟ is called superordinate. It is called superordinate because „The Village Voice‟ is more specific than „the Voice‟. In this text,
the journalist writes „the Voice‟ to represent the name of media, The Village Voice. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use
because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.
There is also grammatical cohesion device in the text above. The word „he‟ is called personal reference. „He‟ in the text above refers to Purtell in
52
Ibid., pp. 391 456.
the preceding text because the context explains that Stecklow who is explaining about Thomas Purtell, a most senior officer. It makes text
cohesive because it is related to the context and the readers can easily understand the text.
U5 : Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011.
As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a crosswalk when
Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and put his
knee on Bosss chest. Kick his ass, Tom another officer can be heard saying in the background.
There is synonymy i n the text above. The word „Boss‟ is synonymy
with word „Josh Boss‟. „Boss‟ is the last name of someone who has been tackled by Purtell.
Then, there is general word in the text above. The word „the march‟ is called general word, one of lexical cohesion devices.
„The march‟ is the Occupy march. It can be seen from the context which explains about the
arrest to a live- streamer who was filming an Occupy march. The word „the
march‟ has correlation with word „marcher‟. „March‟ is organized walk by many people from one place to another, especially as a protest.
53
If the march is a verb, so a person who does the march is a marcher. Therefore,
53
Ibid., p. 269.
„march‟ and „marcher‟ are called collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices.
The word „flung‟ is also called synonymy‟. „Flung‟ is synonymy with word „thrown‟ or „throw‟. The word „thrown‟ or „throw‟ has meaning
„send something through the air with some fore, especially by moving the arm
‟ and the word „flung‟ or „fling‟ has meaning „throw somebody or something violently somewhere
‟.
54
It is called synonymy because the word „throw‟ and „fling‟ almost have same meaning, „moving somebody or
something forcefully ‟.
The word „street‟ has correlation with the word „crosswalk‟. The word „crosswalk‟ is more specific than „street‟, so it is called superordinate. The
word „camera‟ has correlation with word „film‟ and „live-streamer‟. They are called collocation because they need each other.
The words „Boss‟, „march‟, „Purtell‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition
because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the
context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read. There are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
verbal substitution. The word „did‟ is called verbal substitution. This context explains that all marchers were crossing the street, and he Josh
Boss was crossing the street too. But, the journalist does not mention the
54
Ibid., pp. 463 169.
verb in the second clause. The journalist substitutes the verb with the word „did‟. It does not change the meaning of the text and it makes text
cohesive. Second is personal reference. The words „he‟, him‟ and „his‟ are
called personal reference. The words refer to Boss because this context explains about Boss. Third is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ in the
text above is called additive conjunction which has function to add information. They make text cohesive because they are related to the
context. Third is demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ and „the
incident‟ are called demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ refers to the march when Josh Boss was filming. The word „incident‟ refers to
Josh Boss arrest.
U6 : The video shows Boss lying motionless for the duration of the arrest.
Nontheless, Purtell tells him, Dont resist. Im not resisting anything I was trying to cross the street. Boss
replies. And then, a moment later, Is that knee on my face really necessary, officer?
Oh, I kinda think it is, Purtell replies.
The words „I‟, „him‟, and „my‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They refer to Boss because the context
explains about Boss.
T he word „the arrest‟ and „the street‟ are called demonstrative
reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. „The arrest‟ refers to the incident where Boss was arrested and the street refers to where Boss was
walking to film the march. The types of grammatical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and
do not change the meaning of the text. The word „resist‟ has collocation with word „arrest‟, it is called
collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. It is called collocation because „resist‟ is usually said by a cop or police when they do arrest.
Besides that, the word „Boss‟, „arrest‟, „Purtell‟, „resist‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called
repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to
the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.
U7 : Stecklows firm released two video segments showing the arrest
from various angles: Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs
. His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his
circulation. Audio from the video segments shows that after he was arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking,
His hands are turning blue. He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were
eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists.
The word „Stecklow‟, „attorney‟, „Boss‟, „video‟ „NYPD, and „the arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are
called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units. There is also collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word
„handcuffs‟ has correlation with words „arrest‟ and „wrist‟. Handcuffs is used on wrist and usually used by police when they do arrest. So, they are
called collocation, betwee n „handcuffs‟ with „wrist‟ and „handcuffs‟ with
„arrest‟. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to
read. Besides that, there are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text
above. First is demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ and „the video‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The arrest‟ refers to the
incident where Boss arrested and the street refers to where Boss was walking to film the march.
„The video‟ refer to the video which are being told in this article.
There are also personal references. The word „his‟ and „he‟ are called personal references. The words refer to Boss in the preceding text because
the context explains about Boss who was giving an excessive force by Purtell.
There are also additive conjunction and temporal conjunction in the text above. The additive conjunction is the word „and‟ which has function
to add information that Boss not only sued the NYPD for false arrest and excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. The temporal
conjunction is the word „after‟ which shows there is a chronological relation in the text above that another officer eventually loosened Boss‟
cuffs after Boss was arrested. The types of grammatical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and
do not change the meaning of the text. Besides that, the type of conjunction, such as additive conjunction, makes the meaning of the text
can be conveyed clearly.
U8 : Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released
by Stecklow shows a later interview with the officer, evidently conducted by someone with the law firm. You dont know what
you re talking about. He was not struck in the face, Purtell says. He
was not injured. Whats perceived on the video is not what happened.
There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is grammatical cohesion device. There are personal reference and
demonstrative reference . The word „you‟ and „he‟ are personal references.
„You‟ refers to Stecklow in the preceding text and „he‟ refers to Boss in the preceding text. Second is demonstrative reference. The word „the
video‟ is a demonstrative reference. „The video‟ refer to the video which are being told in this article. The types of grammatical cohesion devices
make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text.
The lexical cohesion devices in the text above are repetition and synonymy. The word „Purtell‟, „arrest‟, Stecklow‟, and „officer‟ are called
repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The synonymy is the word „injured‟. The word „injured‟ is synonymous with
word „damage‟ in the previous units. It is called synonymy because both words have same meaning, „hurt‟.
U9 : Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality,
but because of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around
Purtell : This is what weve seen time and time again. Theyre
training the junior officers. What are they learning? When a guy is
laying prone on the floor, yell, Stop resisting‟ so you have reason to
use force and make a bad arrest.
There are personal and demonstrative references, kinds of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „the arrest‟ is a
demonstrative reference which refers to the incident where Boss arrested. The word „its‟ and „they‟ are called personal reference. The word „its‟
refers to the arrest in the preceding text, it is supported by the context which explains that Stecklow who was telling about the situation of the
arrest and the word „they‟ refers to the NYPD officers in the preceding text.
There is also an adversative conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „but‟ is called an adversative
conjunction. The word „but‟ shows the contrasting idea that expressed that the arrest was disturbing because of the presence of at least 20 younger
officers around Purtell, not for its brutality. Besides that, there are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above.
First is repetition. The words „Stecklow‟, „arrest‟, and „Purtell‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second
is synonymy. The word „younger‟ is synonymous with the word „junior‟. It is called synonymy, because they have same meaning, „a person who is
not older‟.
U10 : The attorney adds that these settlements are unfortunate, in that
they come out of taxpayer money. It falls on all of us taxpayers
instead of the individual officers. Im not happy about that, he says. I believe that if even ten percent of the payout money came out of
the police pension fund, thered be a sharp decline in the number of these type of incidents.
There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „they‟, „it‟, „us‟, „I‟, and „he‟ are
called personal reference. The word „they‟ refers to the settlements in the
preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about where the settlements come from. The word „it‟ refers to the taxpayer money in
the preceding text. It is supported by the context which is explaining about the taxpayer money which has been the settlement for the arrest. The word
„us‟ is called exophoric reference because it is reference outside the text, but we can understand that the word „us‟ refers to the society where this
incident happening. The word „I‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text and it is called personal reference. It can be seen from the context
which explains that an attorney was telling about his opinion about the settlement. The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text. It can
be seen from the context which explains that an attorney was telling about his opinion about the settlement. They make the text cohesive because
they are used suitable with they function as personal pronoun. Second is demonstrative reference. The w
ord „the attorney‟ and „these settlements‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The attorney‟ refers to an
attorney who handled Boss‟ case and the word „these settlements‟ refers to the settlements for bad arrests in the preceding text.
The lexical cohesion device in the text above is repetition. The word „attorney‟, „settlement‟, „money‟, „incident‟ are called repetition because
they have been mentioned in the previous units.
U11 : The same would be true, he adds, if protesters were allowed to sue
the officers who witnessed their unlawful or brutal arrests but did
not intervene. The word „the same‟ is called comparative reference, one of
grammatical cohesion device. The word „the same‟ refers to the settlement
in the previous unit. It can be seen from the context which explains about the bad arrest which is settled by the taxpayer money.
The word „he‟ and „their‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices.
The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text and the word „their‟ refer to NYPD officers in the preceding text.
There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is synonymy. The word „sue‟ is synonymy with the word „claim‟ in the
previous units. „Clime‟ has meaning „say that is true, without being able to prove it
‟ and „sue‟ has meaning „make a legal clime‟.
55
From the definition, „sue‟ and „claim‟ almost have same meaning, „taking legal
action against a person or organization ‟.
Second is collocation. The word „protester‟ also has correlation with
word „protest‟ in the preceding texts. It is called collocation because „protest‟ is a verb, and „protestor‟ is a person who does a protest. There is
no protest without protestor. So they are related to each other. The word „protester‟ also synonymous with „Occupier‟, because they have same
meaning, „a person who does the Occupy march‟.
55
Ibid., pp. 74 444.
Third is repetition. The word „protester‟, „sue‟, „officer, „unlawful‟, and „arrest‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the
previous units. The types of cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the
meaning of the text.
U12 : The majority of police officers are good, Stecklow says. They
want to help. And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene, again, we can start to reduce these kinds of incidents.
There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. The word „they‟ and „we‟ are called personal reference, one of
grammatical cohesion devices. The word „they‟ refers to the majority of police officers in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which
explains about Stecklow who was telling about the majority of police officers. The word „we‟ is called as exophoric reference because it is
reference ou tside the text but we can understand that the word „we‟ refers
to the attorney because the context explains that Stecklow, an attorney, was telling about his opinion.
There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices in the text above. The words „police‟, „officer‟, „Stecklow‟, and „incident‟ are called
repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units.
U13 : Purtell was once demoted in 2003, after he led a mistaken raid on a
womans apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died
after a concussion grenade was thrown into her home by police.
There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „he‟ and „her‟ are called personal
reference. The word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun refers to Thoma
s Purtell in the preceding text. „Her‟ refers to the woman who has apartment in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context
which explains about a mistaken raid on a woman‟s apartment. It is used based on the function, so it makes the text cohesive.
Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is temporal conjunction. It shows that there is a chronological relation that expressed
in the text that Purtell was once demoted after he led a mistaken raid on a woman‟s apartment. It makes the text cohesive, because by temporal
conjunction, the chronological will be conveyed clearly. There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „thrown‟ and „police‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units.
Second is collocation. The word „police‟ have correlation with the word „grenade‟ in the text above. It is called collocation because grenade
is usually used by police. Third is general word. The word „home‟ has correlation with word
„apartment‟ in the previous unit. It is called superordinate because „home‟
is more general than „apartment‟, or apartment is a kind of home. The types of lexical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are
used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text.
U14 : According to a New York Times report, the Chief Medical Examiner
ruled that Spruill died from the stress and fear caused by the detonation of the concussion grenade and from being handcuffed.
The words „and‟ bolded above are called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They add information. The first „and‟
shows that Spruill died caused not only by the stress, but also from fear. The second „and‟ shows that the stress and fear caused not only by the
detonation of the concussion grenade, but also from being handcuffed. The word „handcuff‟ is collocation with word „police‟ in the previous unit
because handcuff is usually used by police. The additive conjunction makes the text cohesive because through additive conjunction, the
information of the text can be understood clearly.
U15 : Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time,
he worked his way up to Manhattan South, and has received two
promotion s since the Josh Boss arrest. Hes now head of the
NYPDs Organized Crime Control Bureau.
The word „although‟ is an adversative conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices. It shows the contrasting idea that
expressed, that is Josh Boss still had a job although he was reassigned from his previous job. It makes the text cohesive because adversative
conjunction shows that the idea expressed are contrast. The word „and‟ is grammatical cohesion device formed additive
conjunction. It adds information that Purtell not only worked his way up to Manhattan South, but also has received two promotions. Based on the
function, that is to add information, the additive conjunction makes the text cohesive.
The words „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, kind of grammatical cohesion devices. The words refer to Purtell in the preceding
text. It can be seen by the context which explains about Purtell‟s job after Boss arrest. The words make the text cohesive because they are used
related to the context and based on their function as personal pronouns. There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
collocation. The word „promotion‟ is collocation with the word „work‟ in the previous units. „Promotion‟ in this context is activity for someone to
get more high l evel in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and „promotion‟ are
related and called as collocation. Second is repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „Josh Boss‟, and „arrest‟ are
called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units because the words are topics in this article. The types of lexical cohesion
devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text.
U16 : A Times story from February claims that hes being considered for
yet another promotion, to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau.
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference. The word „he‟
refers to Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It is supported by the context which explains about Thomas Purtells‟s job after he was
reassigned to the Housing Bureau. The word makes the text cohesive because it is used related to the context and based on their function as
personal pronouns. There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word
„claim‟ above is called repetition because it has been mentioned in previous units.
Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 78 grammatical cohesion devices consist of 45 items of personal reference, 15 items of
demonstrative reference, 1 item of verbal substitution, 11 items of additive conjunction, 2 items of temporal conjunction, and 3 items of adversative
conjunction. The writer also finds 44 lexical cohesion devices consist of 20 items of repetition, 7 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 2 items of
superordinate, 2 items of general word, and 13 items of collocation.
From the analysis above, the writer summarizes some points, those are: 1.
Both texts have personal reference as the dominant of cohesion devices. It happens because based on the articles, there are many subjects, objects,
possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns appeared in both articles. 2.
Journalist in The Village Voice uses more various cohesion devices than journalist in New York Daily News. In grammatical cohesion devices, the
journalist in New York Daily News uses personal reference, demonstrative reference, additive conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The journalist in
The Village Voice not only uses those grammatical cohesion devices, but also
verbal substitution and adversative conjunction in the text 2. In lexical cohesion devices, the journalist in New York Daily News uses repetition,
synonymy or near-synonymy, superordinate, and collocation. The journalist in The Village Voice
not only uses those lexical cohesion devices, but also general word in the text 2.
61