“Text 2: City Will Pay 55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Live-

the unlawful arrest that has been settled by Wylie Stecklow, an attorney of Stecklow Cohen and T hompson. Besides that, the word „the case‟ is also called demonstrative reference. „The case‟ refers to the Josh Boss arrest. „The city‟ is also called demonstrative reference which refers to where Josh Boss was arrested. There is also the word „the commanding officer‟ as a demonstrative reference in the text above. „The commanding officer‟ refers to the Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about a person who oversees all marches and protests in the city, he is Thomas Purtell. The types of demonstrative reference make the text cohesive because they have been used without changing the meaning of the words. Second is personal reference. The word „he‟ is a personal reference. „He‟ has a function as subject in personal pronoun. Based on the context, a person who has job as a live- streamer is Josh Boss. So, the word „he‟ refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. It makes the text cohesive because the word „he‟ is related to the context. Third is additive conjunction. The words „and‟ bolded above is additive conjunctions which have function to add information. To make the text cohesive, an additive conjunction is needed so that the meaning can be conveyed effectively. There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „march‟ in the text above is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, because it has been mentioned in the previous units. U4 : Purtell is the most senior officer weve ever seen in a physical unlawful arrest , Stecklow tells the Voice. He got hands on. The word „Purtell‟, „unlawful‟, „arrest‟, and „Stecklow‟ are called repetition, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because they have been mentioned in previous units. The word „tell‟ bolded above also has correlation with word „say‟ that has been done by Stecklow. The word „say‟ has meaning „speak or tell something to somebody, using words ‟ and the word „tell‟ has meaning „make something known to somebody in words ‟. 52 It is called synonymy because the word „say‟ and „tell‟ have almost same meaning, „giving opinion using words‟. The word „the Voice‟ is called superordinate. It is called superordinate because „The Village Voice‟ is more specific than „the Voice‟. In this text, the journalist writes „the Voice‟ to represent the name of media, The Village Voice. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read. There is also grammatical cohesion device in the text above. The word „he‟ is called personal reference. „He‟ in the text above refers to Purtell in 52 Ibid., pp. 391 456. the preceding text because the context explains that Stecklow who is explaining about Thomas Purtell, a most senior officer. It makes text cohesive because it is related to the context and the readers can easily understand the text. U5 : Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011. As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a crosswalk when Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and put his knee on Bosss chest. Kick his ass, Tom another officer can be heard saying in the background. There is synonymy i n the text above. The word „Boss‟ is synonymy with word „Josh Boss‟. „Boss‟ is the last name of someone who has been tackled by Purtell. Then, there is general word in the text above. The word „the march‟ is called general word, one of lexical cohesion devices. „The march‟ is the Occupy march. It can be seen from the context which explains about the arrest to a live- streamer who was filming an Occupy march. The word „the march‟ has correlation with word „marcher‟. „March‟ is organized walk by many people from one place to another, especially as a protest. 53 If the march is a verb, so a person who does the march is a marcher. Therefore, 53 Ibid., p. 269. „march‟ and „marcher‟ are called collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „flung‟ is also called synonymy‟. „Flung‟ is synonymy with word „thrown‟ or „throw‟. The word „thrown‟ or „throw‟ has meaning „send something through the air with some fore, especially by moving the arm ‟ and the word „flung‟ or „fling‟ has meaning „throw somebody or something violently somewhere ‟. 54 It is called synonymy because the word „throw‟ and „fling‟ almost have same meaning, „moving somebody or something forcefully ‟. The word „street‟ has correlation with the word „crosswalk‟. The word „crosswalk‟ is more specific than „street‟, so it is called superordinate. The word „camera‟ has correlation with word „film‟ and „live-streamer‟. They are called collocation because they need each other. The words „Boss‟, „march‟, „Purtell‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read. There are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is verbal substitution. The word „did‟ is called verbal substitution. This context explains that all marchers were crossing the street, and he Josh Boss was crossing the street too. But, the journalist does not mention the 54 Ibid., pp. 463 169. verb in the second clause. The journalist substitutes the verb with the word „did‟. It does not change the meaning of the text and it makes text cohesive. Second is personal reference. The words „he‟, him‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference. The words refer to Boss because this context explains about Boss. Third is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ in the text above is called additive conjunction which has function to add information. They make text cohesive because they are related to the context. Third is demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ and „the incident‟ are called demonstrative reference. The word „the march‟ refers to the march when Josh Boss was filming. The word „incident‟ refers to Josh Boss arrest. U6 : The video shows Boss lying motionless for the duration of the arrest. Nontheless, Purtell tells him, Dont resist. Im not resisting anything I was trying to cross the street. Boss replies. And then, a moment later, Is that knee on my face really necessary, officer? Oh, I kinda think it is, Purtell replies. The words „I‟, „him‟, and „my‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They refer to Boss because the context explains about Boss. T he word „the arrest‟ and „the street‟ are called demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. „The arrest‟ refers to the incident where Boss was arrested and the street refers to where Boss was walking to film the march. The types of grammatical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. The word „resist‟ has collocation with word „arrest‟, it is called collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. It is called collocation because „resist‟ is usually said by a cop or police when they do arrest. Besides that, the word „Boss‟, „arrest‟, „Purtell‟, „resist‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read. U7 : Stecklows firm released two video segments showing the arrest from various angles: Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs . His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his circulation. Audio from the video segments shows that after he was arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking, His hands are turning blue. He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists. The word „Stecklow‟, „attorney‟, „Boss‟, „video‟ „NYPD, and „the arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units. There is also collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „handcuffs‟ has correlation with words „arrest‟ and „wrist‟. Handcuffs is used on wrist and usually used by police when they do arrest. So, they are called collocation, betwee n „handcuffs‟ with „wrist‟ and „handcuffs‟ with „arrest‟. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read. Besides that, there are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ and „the video‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The arrest‟ refers to the incident where Boss arrested and the street refers to where Boss was walking to film the march. „The video‟ refer to the video which are being told in this article. There are also personal references. The word „his‟ and „he‟ are called personal references. The words refer to Boss in the preceding text because the context explains about Boss who was giving an excessive force by Purtell. There are also additive conjunction and temporal conjunction in the text above. The additive conjunction is the word „and‟ which has function to add information that Boss not only sued the NYPD for false arrest and excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. The temporal conjunction is the word „after‟ which shows there is a chronological relation in the text above that another officer eventually loosened Boss‟ cuffs after Boss was arrested. The types of grammatical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. Besides that, the type of conjunction, such as additive conjunction, makes the meaning of the text can be conveyed clearly. U8 : Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released by Stecklow shows a later interview with the officer, evidently conducted by someone with the law firm. You dont know what you re talking about. He was not struck in the face, Purtell says. He was not injured. Whats perceived on the video is not what happened. There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is grammatical cohesion device. There are personal reference and demonstrative reference . The word „you‟ and „he‟ are personal references. „You‟ refers to Stecklow in the preceding text and „he‟ refers to Boss in the preceding text. Second is demonstrative reference. The word „the video‟ is a demonstrative reference. „The video‟ refer to the video which are being told in this article. The types of grammatical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. The lexical cohesion devices in the text above are repetition and synonymy. The word „Purtell‟, „arrest‟, Stecklow‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The synonymy is the word „injured‟. The word „injured‟ is synonymous with word „damage‟ in the previous units. It is called synonymy because both words have same meaning, „hurt‟. U9 : Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality, but because of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around Purtell : This is what weve seen time and time again. Theyre training the junior officers. What are they learning? When a guy is laying prone on the floor, yell, Stop resisting‟ so you have reason to use force and make a bad arrest. There are personal and demonstrative references, kinds of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „the arrest‟ is a demonstrative reference which refers to the incident where Boss arrested. The word „its‟ and „they‟ are called personal reference. The word „its‟ refers to the arrest in the preceding text, it is supported by the context which explains that Stecklow who was telling about the situation of the arrest and the word „they‟ refers to the NYPD officers in the preceding text. There is also an adversative conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „but‟ is called an adversative conjunction. The word „but‟ shows the contrasting idea that expressed that the arrest was disturbing because of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around Purtell, not for its brutality. Besides that, there are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is repetition. The words „Stecklow‟, „arrest‟, and „Purtell‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second is synonymy. The word „younger‟ is synonymous with the word „junior‟. It is called synonymy, because they have same meaning, „a person who is not older‟. U10 : The attorney adds that these settlements are unfortunate, in that they come out of taxpayer money. It falls on all of us taxpayers instead of the individual officers. Im not happy about that, he says. I believe that if even ten percent of the payout money came out of the police pension fund, thered be a sharp decline in the number of these type of incidents. There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „they‟, „it‟, „us‟, „I‟, and „he‟ are called personal reference. The word „they‟ refers to the settlements in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about where the settlements come from. The word „it‟ refers to the taxpayer money in the preceding text. It is supported by the context which is explaining about the taxpayer money which has been the settlement for the arrest. The word „us‟ is called exophoric reference because it is reference outside the text, but we can understand that the word „us‟ refers to the society where this incident happening. The word „I‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text and it is called personal reference. It can be seen from the context which explains that an attorney was telling about his opinion about the settlement. The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains that an attorney was telling about his opinion about the settlement. They make the text cohesive because they are used suitable with they function as personal pronoun. Second is demonstrative reference. The w ord „the attorney‟ and „these settlements‟ are called demonstrative reference. „The attorney‟ refers to an attorney who handled Boss‟ case and the word „these settlements‟ refers to the settlements for bad arrests in the preceding text. The lexical cohesion device in the text above is repetition. The word „attorney‟, „settlement‟, „money‟, „incident‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. U11 : The same would be true, he adds, if protesters were allowed to sue the officers who witnessed their unlawful or brutal arrests but did not intervene. The word „the same‟ is called comparative reference, one of grammatical cohesion device. The word „the same‟ refers to the settlement in the previous unit. It can be seen from the context which explains about the bad arrest which is settled by the taxpayer money. The word „he‟ and „their‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. The word „he‟ refers to the attorney in the preceding text and the word „their‟ refer to NYPD officers in the preceding text. There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is synonymy. The word „sue‟ is synonymy with the word „claim‟ in the previous units. „Clime‟ has meaning „say that is true, without being able to prove it ‟ and „sue‟ has meaning „make a legal clime‟. 55 From the definition, „sue‟ and „claim‟ almost have same meaning, „taking legal action against a person or organization ‟. Second is collocation. The word „protester‟ also has correlation with word „protest‟ in the preceding texts. It is called collocation because „protest‟ is a verb, and „protestor‟ is a person who does a protest. There is no protest without protestor. So they are related to each other. The word „protester‟ also synonymous with „Occupier‟, because they have same meaning, „a person who does the Occupy march‟. 55 Ibid., pp. 74 444. Third is repetition. The word „protester‟, „sue‟, „officer, „unlawful‟, and „arrest‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. U12 : The majority of police officers are good, Stecklow says. They want to help. And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene, again, we can start to reduce these kinds of incidents. There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. The word „they‟ and „we‟ are called personal reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices. The word „they‟ refers to the majority of police officers in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about Stecklow who was telling about the majority of police officers. The word „we‟ is called as exophoric reference because it is reference ou tside the text but we can understand that the word „we‟ refers to the attorney because the context explains that Stecklow, an attorney, was telling about his opinion. There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices in the text above. The words „police‟, „officer‟, „Stecklow‟, and „incident‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. U13 : Purtell was once demoted in 2003, after he led a mistaken raid on a womans apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died after a concussion grenade was thrown into her home by police. There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „he‟ and „her‟ are called personal reference. The word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun refers to Thoma s Purtell in the preceding text. „Her‟ refers to the woman who has apartment in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about a mistaken raid on a woman‟s apartment. It is used based on the function, so it makes the text cohesive. Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is temporal conjunction. It shows that there is a chronological relation that expressed in the text that Purtell was once demoted after he led a mistaken raid on a woman‟s apartment. It makes the text cohesive, because by temporal conjunction, the chronological will be conveyed clearly. There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „thrown‟ and „police‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second is collocation. The word „police‟ have correlation with the word „grenade‟ in the text above. It is called collocation because grenade is usually used by police. Third is general word. The word „home‟ has correlation with word „apartment‟ in the previous unit. It is called superordinate because „home‟ is more general than „apartment‟, or apartment is a kind of home. The types of lexical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. U14 : According to a New York Times report, the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that Spruill died from the stress and fear caused by the detonation of the concussion grenade and from being handcuffed. The words „and‟ bolded above are called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They add information. The first „and‟ shows that Spruill died caused not only by the stress, but also from fear. The second „and‟ shows that the stress and fear caused not only by the detonation of the concussion grenade, but also from being handcuffed. The word „handcuff‟ is collocation with word „police‟ in the previous unit because handcuff is usually used by police. The additive conjunction makes the text cohesive because through additive conjunction, the information of the text can be understood clearly. U15 : Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time, he worked his way up to Manhattan South, and has received two promotion s since the Josh Boss arrest. Hes now head of the NYPDs Organized Crime Control Bureau. The word „although‟ is an adversative conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices. It shows the contrasting idea that expressed, that is Josh Boss still had a job although he was reassigned from his previous job. It makes the text cohesive because adversative conjunction shows that the idea expressed are contrast. The word „and‟ is grammatical cohesion device formed additive conjunction. It adds information that Purtell not only worked his way up to Manhattan South, but also has received two promotions. Based on the function, that is to add information, the additive conjunction makes the text cohesive. The words „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, kind of grammatical cohesion devices. The words refer to Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen by the context which explains about Purtell‟s job after Boss arrest. The words make the text cohesive because they are used related to the context and based on their function as personal pronouns. There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is collocation. The word „promotion‟ is collocation with the word „work‟ in the previous units. „Promotion‟ in this context is activity for someone to get more high l evel in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and „promotion‟ are related and called as collocation. Second is repetition. The word „Purtell‟, „Josh Boss‟, and „arrest‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units because the words are topics in this article. The types of lexical cohesion devices make the text cohesive because they are used according to the context and do not change the meaning of the text. U16 : A Times story from February claims that hes being considered for yet another promotion, to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau. There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference. The word „he‟ refers to Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It is supported by the context which explains about Thomas Purtells‟s job after he was reassigned to the Housing Bureau. The word makes the text cohesive because it is used related to the context and based on their function as personal pronouns. There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „claim‟ above is called repetition because it has been mentioned in previous units. Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 78 grammatical cohesion devices consist of 45 items of personal reference, 15 items of demonstrative reference, 1 item of verbal substitution, 11 items of additive conjunction, 2 items of temporal conjunction, and 3 items of adversative conjunction. The writer also finds 44 lexical cohesion devices consist of 20 items of repetition, 7 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 2 items of superordinate, 2 items of general word, and 13 items of collocation. From the analysis above, the writer summarizes some points, those are: 1. Both texts have personal reference as the dominant of cohesion devices. It happens because based on the articles, there are many subjects, objects, possessive adjectives, and possessive pronouns appeared in both articles. 2. Journalist in The Village Voice uses more various cohesion devices than journalist in New York Daily News. In grammatical cohesion devices, the journalist in New York Daily News uses personal reference, demonstrative reference, additive conjunction, and temporal conjunction. The journalist in The Village Voice not only uses those grammatical cohesion devices, but also verbal substitution and adversative conjunction in the text 2. In lexical cohesion devices, the journalist in New York Daily News uses repetition, synonymy or near-synonymy, superordinate, and collocation. The journalist in The Village Voice not only uses those lexical cohesion devices, but also general word in the text 2. 61

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The writer has analyzed the two articles from New York Daily News and The Village Voice . There are 40 grammatical cohesion devices and 25 lexical cohesion devices in the text 1. In the text 2, there are 93 grammatical cohesion devices and 43 lexical cohesion devices. Based on the result of the analysis, the cohesion through grammatical device that has the highest occurrence is reference item, especially personal reference. This is in contrast with other grammatical cohesion devices, such as ellipses which do not occur in the two texts. The text uses more repetition instead of the ellipsis. It can be seen from the result of the analysis that the repetition often occurs in the two texts. Besides that, according to the analysis, the cohesion devices create the cohesive text. It can be said if the using of cohesion devices according to their functions and related to the context of the text. If the text is cohesive, it will be understood well by the readers. Therefore, it means that the cohesion has correlation between clauses within a text grammatically or lexically, and cohesion devices has function to make a unity of text, so the reader can read and understand the text easily and as good as possible.

B. Suggestion

The writer would like to suggest some points to next researchers. The object of this research is article from crime feature in New York Daily News and The Village Voice . For next researchers, the writer suggests the others research objects, such as articles from non-crime features such as business and tourism and other online media. Besides that, next researchers also can compare articles from crime feature with other texts from different features. As a result, comprehensive understanding on how cohesion devices work in different texts and features of media will be known and it will provide theoretical contribution to the study of cohesion within texts in media. 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY  Book: Ahuja, B.N. Theory and Practice of Journalism, India: Surjeet Publications, 1988. Bloom, Ronald L. Discourse Analysis and Application, New Jersey: Erlboum Associated, inc Publisher, 1994. Bloor, T and M. Bloor. The Functional Analysis of English, New York: Arnold, 1995. Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Dornyei, Zoltan. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Frank, Marcella. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972. Gee, James Paul. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, New York: Routledge, 2003. Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, Cohesion in English, London: Longman Group, 1976. Kushartanti, et.al, Pesona Bahasa, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005. Meyer, Charles F. Introducing English Linguistic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Nunan, David. Introducing Discourse Analysis, London: Penguin Group, 1993, pp.7-8. Nunan, David. Research Methods in Language Learning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Saeed, John L. Semantics: Second Edition, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.