Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspects such as grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.
16
It means that the relation of meaning grammatically and lexically should be formed in unity
that forms a text.
D. Cohesion Device
The concept of cohesion refers to the relationships that exist within the meaning of the text. Cohesion occurs when an element in the interpretation of the
text depends on other elements. Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan said that the cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion.
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1. Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
a. Reference
Reference can be cohesive when two or more expressions in the text refer to the same person, thing or idea.
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Halliday and Hassan classify reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has
antecedent in the outside of language extra textual, whereas endophoric
16
Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, et.al, Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005, p. 96.
17
Halliday and Hassan 1976, op.cit., pp. 4-6.
18
T. Bloor and M. Bloor, The Functional Analysis of English New York: Arnold, 1995, p. 94.
is reference that its antecedent in the inside of text intra textual. Endhoporic reference is classified into anaphoric and cataphoric
reference.
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Anaphoric reference is a reference that refers back to something
previously mentioned in the sentence.
Example: [2]
“Bryan gave me the book which he bought in Thailand.” The word “he” is a reference that refers back to the previous word,
“Bryan”. Cataphoric reference is a reference that refers to the sentence afterwards.
Example No: [3]
“He who hesitates is lost.”
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Where “he” does not presuppose any referent in the preceding text but simply refers to “who hesitates”.
According to Halliday and Hasan, reference is divided into two, namely exophoric and endophoric reference. Exophoric reference which is
reference outside the text or also called situational reference makes everyone understand without any explanation in the text, endophoric
reference or textual reference is the information about the reference is contained in the text. Endophoric reference divided into two, they are
19
Ibid., p. 95
20
Halliday and Hassan 1976, op.cit., p. 56.
