Translation REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Translation meanings according to Nababan 2008:48-51 are: lexial meaning, grammatical meaning, contextual and situational meaning, textual
meaning, and socio-cultural meaning. In translation, not all of the words in the source text must be translated, because the main purpose of translation process
is to get the same meaning in general to make the target readers understand about the text and receive the same message as like as in the source text. Some
reductions and replacements are chosen by the translators to translate the translation projects.
By the types of the translation project, the translators need to choose the types of translation that most accurate to their projects. Nababan 2008: 29-46
states there are 8 types of translation. 1 Word for Word Translation
The translator changes each of word to the target language without change the structure of the text. This type of translation commonly used for two
languages with similar language structure. Example:
SL I like that clever student. TL Saya menyukai itu anak pintar.
2 Free Translation In this type, the translator needs to get the closest equivalence for the whole
of a paragraph or text. The translator can freely choose the translation strategy and procedure to get the same meaning.
Example: SL Killing two birds with one stone.
TL Sambil menyelam minum air. 3 Literal Translation
This type is between word for word translation and free translation, because mostly every word in the source text translated into target text, but then the
translator will change the word order based of the target language structure. This type commonly used for two languages with different structure.
Example: SL His heart is in the right place.
TL Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar. 4 Dynamic Translation
In this type, the source language idea will be translated by familiar expression in the target language. Some cultural adaptation may be
happened to make a natural text in the target language. Example:
SL The author has organized this book since 1995. TL Penulis telah menyusun buku ini sejak 1995.
5 Pragmatic Translation This type more focuses about the accuracy of the idea. Hopefully the target
reader will get the same understanding with the content of the text. This type commonly used for technical procedures or manual books.
Example: SL This powder is soft and smoothing.
TL Bedak ini lembut dan halus. 6 Esthetic-poetic Translation
In this type, the translator needs to transfer not only the text but also the implicit things such as: feeling, emotion, and impression. This type is really
hard because the cultural background and the beauty of the text must be translated also. This type is commonly used to translate novel, comic, lyric
and poetry. 7 Ethnographic Translation
This type more focuses about the explanation of cultural term or context from source language into the target language. In some cases, there are
several words that may be not translated to the target language because the differences of culture that make some words can’t be found in target
language. Example:
SL Today is Halloween. TL Hari ini adalah hari Haloween.
8 Linguistic Translation In this type, the implicit idea must be changed to explicit. Word or text
shape transformation may be happened in this type.
Example: SL Harry is willing to help his mother.
TL Harry sangat ingin membantu ibunya. 9 Communicative Translation
The main focus of this type is to use the translator as communication media. Hopefully after read the text, the target readers have the same response as
like as the source text readers. Example:
SL Beware of dog. TL Awas anjing galak.
10 Semantic Translation This type is almost the same with communicative translation, but this type
focuses more about word equivalence and the source language culture faithfulness.
Example: SL I will admit that I am wrong.
TL Saya akan mengakui bahwa saya salah.