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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
1. Pragmatics
Yule 1996: 47 states that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by the speaker or writer and interpreted by the
listener or reader. In addition, Yule 1996: 47 mentions that pragmatics is more to do with the analysis of what people mean in their utterances than what the
words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Moreover, Mey
2001: 6 suggests that pragmatics studies the use of language in human communication which is determined by social conditions. Pragmatics studies the
users of a language and their linguistic and communicative means as determined by the society.
Leech 1983:10 states that pragmatics can be defined as the study of how utterances have meaning in situation. In studying language through pragmatics,
people cannot ignore the situation or the context in which the utterances are uttered. The same utterances will have different meaning if they are spoken in the
different context. In short, pragmatics is the study on the use of language which is affected
by context. The context around the language users becomes one of the consideration when using a language.
2. Speech Acts
Dijk 1977: 195 mentions that what is meant by speech acts are doing something when making an utterance. This means that people can perform an
action by uttering an utterance. In line with him, Yule 1996:47 states that in attempt to express themselves, people also perform action via utterances, not only
produces containing grammatical structures and words. Analyzing speech acts cannot be separated from the other aspects of
speaking activities, such as speech situation and speech event. Hymes in Fasold 1999: 42 defines speech situation as a speech which is associated with the
situation and an event may consist of one or more speech acts. Meanwhile, Yule 1996: 135 defines speech event as a set of circumstances in which people
interact in some conventional way to arrive at some outcome. In other words, the circumstances surrounding the speaker‘s utterance help the hearer to recognize the
speaker‘s intention. Speech event also determines the interpretation of an utterance. It means that changing the circumstances of the utterance will be
changing the meaning of that utterance. The action performed by uttering an utterance consists of three related
action. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is roughly equivalent to uttering certain sentence sense and
reference Austin, 1962: 108. In other words, when the speaker performs locutionary act, he simply utters sentences. Illocutionary act is an utterance which
has a certain force such as informing, ordering and warning Austin, 162: 108.
Meanwhile, perlocutionary act is what the speaker brings about or achieves by saying something Austin, 1962: 108.
Several linguists, such as Searle and Leech, also have distinguished speech acts into several classifications. However, only the classification of speech acts
proposed by Searle which is used in this research since Searle clearly defines refusals as the part of speech acts.
3. Searle’s Classification of Speech Acts
Kategori