Research Instruments Data Analysis Techniques

D. Research Instruments

The primary instrument of the research was the researcher since it employed descriptive-qualitative research. Bogdan and Biklen 1982: 27 state that a descriptive research has natural setting as the direct source and the researcher is the key instrument. In addition, Lincoln and Guba 1985: 198 mention that in the qualitative method, the researcher is the instrument. Therefore, the researcher in qualitative research played as a planner, a data collector, an analyst, a data interpreter, and a reporter of research results Moleong, 2001:121. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. The data sheet was used to note important information related to the objectives of the research which was found in the characters‘ utterances. The data sheet consisted of a table which was used to list the types, realizations and to explain the functions of refusals performed by the characters in 12 Years a Slave. The transcript of the movie was taken from www.austinfilmfestival.com.

E. Data Analysis Techniques

The researcher conducted data analysis after the data were collected. Bogdan and Biklen 1982: 157 state that data analysis is the process that is systematically searching for and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes, and other materials that the researcher accumulates to increase the researcher‘s own understanding and to enable the researcher to present what heshe has discovered to others. In other words, the researcher processed the collected data before drawing conclusions and presenting the findings. The processes of data analysis in this research were stated below. 1. The researcher watched the movie and reading the movie script retrieved via internet to check the suitability of the characters‘ utterances in the script and in the movie. 2. The researcher transferred the data into data sheet. 3. The researcher identified the types, realizations, and functions of refusals. 4. The researcher applied the trustworthiness of the data by asking friends and supervisors to check the data and to support the analysis of the data. 5. The researcher drew conclusion based on the result of the research.

F. Trustworthiness