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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Types of the Research
Descriptive-qualitative method was employed in this research. The method was used to describe the types, realizations, and functions of refusals. Wiersma
1995: 12 defines descriptive-qualitative research as a research that describes phenomenon in the form of word instead of number or measure. Moreover,
Bogdan and Biklen 1982: 28 suggest that qualitative research is descriptive since the collected data is in the form of word or picture rather than number.
Furthermore, Vanderstoep and Johnson 2008: 7 state that qualitative research produces narrative or textual description of the phenomena under study.
In other words, the finding in the qualitative research is presented in a narrative form or textual description rather than in a statistical from. Therefore, the result of
data analysis in this research was presented in the form of word rather than number since descriptive-qualitative research provided a richer and deeper
understanding of the object being analyzed.
B. Forms, Contexts, and Sources of Data
The data of this research were in the form of utterances which were uttered by the characters in 12 Years a Slave. Bungin 2007: 103 suggests that the data in
the qualitative research are in the form of sentences, utterances, and short stories. The contexts of the data were the dialogues among the characters since the data
form of this research was the characters‘ utterances. Meanwhile, the source of
data of this research was 12 Years a Slave movie.
C. Data Collecting Technique
The procedures of data collecting technique in this research took the following steps:
1. watching the movie which was used as the object of the research followed
by downloading its transcript, 2.
re-watching the movie and checking the accuracy of the transcript, 3.
collecting the data found in the movie in accordance with the objectives of the research,
4. classifying all the collected data into the data sheet.
The data sheet can be seen as follow:
Table 1. Sample of Data Sheet of the Types, Realizations, and Functions of Refusals
No Dialogue
I II
III Explanation
A B
C D
E F
G H
I J
K L
M N
O
Burch: Come on. Get yer
blanket. Get
up. Eliza:
No ,
please dont...
1
Eliza‘s refusal is categorized
as direct
type of
refusals. Eliza
performs an
indirect refusal in order to make her
refusal firmer and clearer. She also
wants to make her refusal
efficient. Eliza‘s refusal is
realized in
the form
of non-
performative statement
by stating
no. By
saying no, Eliza shows an extreme
direct refusal
since she wants to show
her determination not
to go out from the dungeon.
Types of Refusals I
: Direct refusals II
: Indirect refusals III
: Adjunct to refusals
Realizations Realizations’ Strategies
A : Performative
Non-Performative B
: Non-performative 1
: No C
: Statement of alternative 2
: Negative willingness D
: Avoidance Avoidance:
E : Excuse reason explanation
3 : Non-Verbal
F : Promise
4 : Verbal
G : Attempt to dissuade interlocutor
Attempt to dissuade interlocutor H
: Statement of principle philosophy 5
: Negative consequences statement I
: Set condition of future or past acceptance 6
: Guilt trip J
: Wish 7
: Criticisms K
: Acceptance that function as refusal 8
: Request for help, empathy L
: Statement of positive opinion 9
: Let the interlocutor off the hook M
: Statement of emphaty 10
: Self defense N
: Pause fillers Acceptance that function as refusal
O : Gratitude
11 : Unspecific reply
12 : Lack of enthusiasm
D. Research Instruments
Kategori