Findings FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

41

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The objectives of this research are to identify the types, to describe the realizations, and to analyze the functions of refusals. This chapter consists of two parts, namely findings and discussion. The findings section is presented in the table of data findings which contains the types, realizations, and functions of refusals found in 12 Years a Slave. Meanwhile, the discussion section explains the analysis of the types, realizations, and functions of refusals found in the movie.

A. Findings

The findings of the types, realizations, and functions of refusals found in 12 Years a Slave are presented in the following table. Table 2. Data Findings of the Types, Realizations, and Functions of Refusals in 12 Years a Slave No. Types Realizations Functions Datum 1. Direct Type Non-performative statement Showing a determination in refusing 2, 15, 24, 25, 30 Showing unwillingness to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation 5, 11, 12, 16, 19 2. Indirect Type The statement of an alternative Negotiating the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation 26 refusee since they are in the same social level. In addition, the characters have an intimate relationship with the refusee, so they are free to refuse directly. On Based on the table of data findings, there are three types of refusals which are performed by the characters in 12 Years a Slave. The types of refusals found in the movie are direct, indirect, and adjuncts to refusals. The most dominant type of refusals is indirect type as the characters want to emphasize that the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation is impossible to be performed. Moreover, indirect type becomes the dominant type since some characters do not have a close relationship with the refusee. In addition, the characters try to avoid offending the refuse because they want to maintain their relationship with the refusee. Each type of refusals is realized differently. There are two realizations of direct type. However, only one realization is found in the movie, i.e. non- Avoidance Avoiding a conflict or ending an argument with the refusee 13, 28, 30, 31 Excuse reason explanation Demanding understanding from the refusee 3, 4, 8, 17, 20, 21, 23 The statement of a principlephilosophy The attempt to dissuade the interlocutor Mocking the refusee or the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14 Implying the unfairness of the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation 13, 22, 27 3. Adjuncts to refusals Gratitudeappreciation Showing gratitude to the refusee 18 performative statement. Non-performative statement is mostly used to refuse the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation from the refusee who has the same social level with the characters. They do not need to consider respect to the the other hand, the realization of direct type which is not found in the movie is performative statement. Performative statement is not performed because the characters prefer to state a flat no or show their unwillingness when directly refuse the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. Moreover, employing performative statement to refuse the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation in daily conversation sounds too direct. The refusee can be offended if the characters refuse the request, offer, suggestion, and invitation in a very direct way. Therefore, the characters in 12 Years a Slave only employ non-performative statement. Meanwhile, indirect type is realized in five realizations. The realizations of indirect type are 1 the statement of an alternative, 2 avoidance, 3 excusereasonexplanation, 4 the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor, and 5 the statement of a principlephilosophy. There are four realizations which are not found in 12 Years a Slave, namely promising to the future acceptance, setting a condition for future or past acceptance, stating a wish, and showing an acceptance that functions as a refusal. The four realizations are not found in the movie because all the characters make their refusals clear at the time the refusing statements are uttered. They state their refusals without indicating their desire or promise to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. By promising to the future acceptance, the characters commit themselves to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation at another time. Furthermore, setting a condition for the future or past acceptance implies that the characters will fulfill the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation if the situation is possible. Stating a wish expresses the desire of the characters to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. Then, an acceptance that functions as a refusal indicates the characters‘ vague response to the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. They neither accept nor refuse their refusee‘s request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. Meanwhile, the most dominant realization of refusals is the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor. The characters from a higher or the same social level perform the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor when they want to ridicule the requester or the request, offer, suggestion, and invitation. In addition, the characters from a higher social level mostly perform the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor to show their superiority over the characters from the lower social level. Adjuncts to refusals only occur in one datum because the characters rarely express their solidarity or respect. The conflict among the characters affects them to rarely show their solidarity or respect to the refuse. Furthermore, there are eight functions for performing refusals found in the movie. The functions are classified under direct type, indirect type, and adjuncts to refusals. The functions of direct type emerged in the movie are 1 showing a determination in refusing and 2 showing unwillingness to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. Meanwhile, the functions of indirect type include 1 negotiating the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation; 2 avoiding a conflict or ending an argument with the refusee; 3 demanding understanding from the refusee; 4 mocking the refusee or the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation; and 5 implying the unfairness of the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. On the other hand, the function of adjuncts to refusals is showing gratitude to the refusee. Among all the functions of refusals, demanding understanding from the refusee is the dominant function since it lessens the negative impact of refusals. The characters ask their refusee to understand the reason why they cannot comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. Hence, the possibility of offending their refusee is lessened.

B. Discussion