b. Directives
Searle 1976: 11 states that the illocutionary point of directives is to get the hearer to do something. In line with Searle, Yule 1996: 54 states that directives
are those kinds of speech acts which the speaker uses to get someone else to do something. In other words, the speaker expresses what he wants and makes the
world to fit the word. The verbs denoting the members of directives are ask, order, command, request, beg, plead, invite, permit, and advise. Buy me a cup of
coffee and Please lend me a pen are the examples of directives. The speakers in the examples make someone the hearer to do certain action for them. The
statement Buy me a cup of coffee shows that the speaker orders the hearer to buy him a cup of coffee. Meanwhile, the second statement shows the request of the
speaker to the hearer. In the example, the speaker makes the hearer lending him a pen.
c. Commissives
Commissives are the illocutionary acts which purpose is to commit the speaker to some future course of action Searle, 1976: 11. Yule 1996: 54
suggests that commisives are speech acts that the speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. Further, Kreidler 1998: 192 explains that
commissive verbs are illustrated by agree, ask, offer, refuse, and swear. An example of commisives is the statement I refuse the invitation. The example
shows the speaker who performs a speech act of refusal; he refuses to comply with the hearer‘s invitation. The speaker‘s statement indicates that he will not
attend the invitation. Another example of commisives can be seen in the statement
I swear to pay my debt . The speaker‘s statement in the second example is
considered as a commisive speech act because he commits himself to pay his debt.
d. Expressives
Yule 1996: 53 defines expressives as the kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. The function of expressive speech acts is to express the
speaker‘s psychological states. Expressives can be statement of apology, compliment, pleasure, pain, like, dislike, or sorrow. An example of expressive
speech acts can be seen in the statement I’m really sorry. The utterance is stated
by the speaker when he accidently hits someone. His statement shows that he feels sorry to the hearer for accidently hitting him. Another example is presented in the
statement This is so beautiful. The statement is spoken by someone who is
mesmerized by a painting. He expresses his admiration by saying a compliment
such as This is so beautiful. e.
Declarations
Yule 1996: 53 simply defines declarations as the kinds of speech acts that change the world via utterances. Baptizing, declaring war, abdicating, resigning,
and dismissing are the examples of declarations. Declarations will be valid if they are performed by appropriate people. For example, the statement I now pronounce
you husband and wife is not valid if it is spoken by a ten year old child. This statement will be valid if it is spoken by a priest. Similarly, an umpire at a
basketball match can cause a player to be out by uttering You’re out. On the other
hand, the statement will be invalid if it is stated by a tennis umpire since the context is in the basketball match.
4. Speech Act of Refusals
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